{"id":2284,"date":"2025-03-13T17:55:42","date_gmt":"2025-03-13T09:55:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.xtaa.cn\/?p=2284"},"modified":"2025-03-14T10:31:31","modified_gmt":"2025-03-14T02:31:31","slug":"%e6%b2%89%e6%b2%a1%e6%88%90%e6%9c%ac%e6%95%88%e5%ba%94","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/blog.xtaa.cn\/index.php\/2025\/03\/13\/%e6%b2%89%e6%b2%a1%e6%88%90%e6%9c%ac%e6%95%88%e5%ba%94\/","title":{"rendered":"\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\uff08Sunk Cost Effects\uff09\u662f\u6307\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u884c\u4e3a\u56e0\u53d7\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u5f71\u54cd\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u7406\u6027\u51b3\u7b56\u73b0\u8c61\u3002Arkes\u548cBlumer\u4e8e1985\u5e74\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5229\u7528\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5bf9\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u68c0\u9a8c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u6839\u6e90\u5305\u62ec\u8ba4\u77e5\u3001\u52a8\u673a\u548c\u795e\u7ecf\u4e09\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u4e3a\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u635f\u5931\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u60c5\u7eea\u800c\u6c89\u6eba\u4e8e\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4ed8\u51fa\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u505a\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u975e\u7406\u6027\u884c\u4e3a\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u5408\u7406\u5229\u7528\uff0c\u8fbe\u5230\u53d8\u5bb3\u4e3a\u5229\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u6548\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6b63\u786e\u5bf9\u5f85\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u51b3\u7b56\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5728\u505a\u6295\u8d44\u51b3\u7b56\u65f6\uff0c\u8981\u4ee5\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u8861\u91cf\u6295\u8d44\u9879\u76ee\u6210\u672c\uff1b\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u662f\u51b3\u7b56\u975e\u76f8\u5173\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u82e5\u51b3\u7b56\u65f6\u8ba1\u5165\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u5c06\u4f7f\u6210\u672c\u9ad8\u4f30\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f5c\u51fa\u9519\u8bef\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1b\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u662f\u98ce\u9669\u9632\u8303\u5bf9\u7b56\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8003\u8651\u56e0\u7d20\uff1b\u907f\u514d\u9677\u5165\u201c\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u8c2c\u8bef\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9\u6210\u7684\u5973\u4eba\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u77e5\u9053\u767d\u5df1\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u662f\u6e23\u7537\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u7136\u72e0\u4e0d\u4e0b\u5fc3\u5206\u624b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u81ea\u5df1\u591a\u7231\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7537\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u767d\u5df1\u66fe\u7ecf\u4ed8\u51fa\u4e86\u592a\u591a\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e0d\u7518\u5fc3\u653e\u624b\u3002\u4ed8\u51fa\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\u8d8a\u9ad8\uff0c\u9000\u51fa\u7684\u96be\u5ea6\u8d8a\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ea7\u751f\u6839\u6e90<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u6839\u6e90\u5305\u62ec\u8ba4\u77e5\u3001\u52a8\u673a\u548c\u795e\u7ecf\u4e09\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8ba4\u77e5\u673a\u5236<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9884\u671f\u7406\u8bba<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u9884\u671f\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u89e3\u91ca\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u53c2\u7167\u70b9\u4f9d\u8d56\u3002\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u6839\u636e\u5fc3\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\u53c2\u7167\u70b9\u800c\u975e\u5b9e\u9645\u8d44\u4ea7\u5c06\u51b3\u7b56\u7ed3\u679c\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e3a\u6536\u76ca\u6216\u635f\u5931\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u6b64\u6307\u5bfc\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4e8c\u662f\u635f\u5931\u89c4\u907f\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u6536\u76ca\u7684\u6109\u60a6\u611f\u53d7\uff0c\u7b49\u91cf\u635f\u5931\u9020\u6210\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u4f53\u9a8c\u66f4\u5f3a\u70c8\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u89c4\u907f\u635f\u5931\u3002\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u5bf9\u635f\u5931\u548c\u6536\u76ca\u7684\u504f\u597d\u53d7\u5230\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5373\u5fc5\u7136\u635f\u5931\uff08\u83b7\u76ca\uff09\u6bd4\u53ef\u80fd\u635f\u5931\uff08\u83b7\u76ca\uff09\u66f4\u4ee4\u4eba\u538c\u6076\uff08\u5177\u5438\u5f15\u529b\uff09\u3002\u4e09\u662f\u98ce\u9669\u5bfb\u6c42\u3002\u635f\u5931\u89c4\u907f\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u9020\u6210\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u98ce\u9669\u503e\u5411\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff1a\u5728\u635f\u5931\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\u5bfb\u6c42\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u6536\u76ca\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\u89c4\u907f\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u6309\u7167\u9884\u671f\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u9996\u5148\u5c06\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c<\/a>\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e3a\u635f\u5931\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\uff0c\u7ec8\u6b62\u6295\u5165\u4e0d\u4ec5\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u4ed8\u8bf8\u4e1c\u6d41\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u5c06\u53ef\u80fd\u635f\u5931\u7acb\u5373\u8f6c\u4e3a\u786e\u5b9a\u635f\u5931\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u7ee7\u7eed\u6295\u5165\u4e0d\u4ec5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u633d\u56de\u635f\u5931\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u7531\u635f\u5931\u89c4\u907f\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u5bfb\u6c42\u503e\u5411\u4fc3\u4f7f\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6269\u5927\u6295\u5165\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u3002[1]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5fc3\u7406\u8d26\u6237<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u5fc3\u7406\u8d26\u6237\u662f\u6307\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u7528\u4ee5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u8bc4\u4f30\u548c\u8ffd\u8e2a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u89e3\u91ca\u4e0e\u6d88\u8d39\u884c\u4e3a\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u8d2d\u4e70\u884c\u4e3a\u90fd\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u8d26\u6237\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u6536\u652f\u5e73\u8861\u6216\u6536\u5927\u4e8e\u652f\u662f\u5fc3\u7406\u8d26\u6237\u8fbe\u5230\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e5f\u5373\u5fc3\u7406\u8d26\u6237\u5f97\u4ee5\u5728\u76c8\u5229\u72b6\u6001\u5173\u95ed\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u201c\u6536\u201d\u662f\u6307Thaler\uff082008\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u83b7\u5f97\u6548\u7528\uff0c\u5373\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u5728\u5bf9\u4ea7\u54c1\u6216\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u6d88\u8d39\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u4e14\u8d85\u51fa\u652f\u4ed8\u91d1\u989d\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u201c\u652f\u201d\u662f\u6307\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u8d2d\u4e70\u5546\u54c1\u6216\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u652f\u4ed8\u91d1\u989d\uff0c\u5373\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c<\/a>\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u83b7\u5f97\u6548\u7528\u8d85\u51fa\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u65f6\uff0c\u5fc3\u7406\u8d26\u6237<\/a>\u65b9\u53ef\u8fbe\u5230\u5e73\u8861\u5e76\u5728\u76c8\u5229\u72b6\u6001\u5173\u95ed\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u4e0a\u8ff0\u201c\u76c8\u4e8f\u4e92\u8865\u201d\u539f\u5219\uff0cKamleitner\uff082008\uff09\u8fd8\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u82e6\u4e50\u76f8\u62b5\u201d\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5373\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u6d88\u8d39\u7684\u6109\u60a6\u6765\u62b5\u6d88\u652f\u4ed8\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u3002[1]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u67e5\u8be2\u7406\u8bba<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u51b3\u7b56\u60c5\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5df2\u4ea7\u6210\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u7684\u6c89\u6ca1\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u9762\u4e34\u5176\u4ed6\u53ef\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u9009\u9879\uff0cTing\u548cWallsten\uff082011\uff09\u8fd0\u7528\u67e5\u8be2\u7406\u8bba\u89e3\u91ca\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u4e3a\u4f55\u9009\u62e9\u6c89\u6ca1\u9009\u9879\u800c\u653e\u5f03\u66ff\u4ee3\u9009\u9879\u3002\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u4f1a\u5728\u5fc3\u7406\u4e0a\u5bf9\u6c89\u6ca1\u9009\u9879\u548c\u66ff\u4ee3\u9009\u9879\u4f9d\u6b21\u8fdb\u884c\u67e5\u8be2\uff08\u5373\u6743\u8861\u4e0e\u9009\u62e9\uff09\uff0c\u4e14\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u9009\u9879\u6216\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u72b6\u6001\u6700\u5148\u63a5\u53d7\u67e5\u8be2\u4e14\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u66f4\u591a\u6743\u91cd\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c<\/a>\u60c5\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u6c89\u6ca1\u9009\u9879\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5148\u4e8e\u66ff\u4ee3\u9009\u9879\u63a5\u53d7\u67e5\u8be2\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u7406\u7531\u66f4\u52a0\u5145\u5206\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u88ab\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u66f4\u5927\u3002\u67e5\u8be2\u7406\u8bba\u5bf9\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u5f97\u5230\u4e86Ting\u548cWallsten\uff082011\uff09\u9a8c\u8bc1\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u8981\u6c42\u88ab\u8bd5\u9996\u5148\u67e5\u8be2\u66ff\u4ee3\u9009\u9879\u6765\u964d\u4f4e\u6c89\u6ca1\u9009\u9879\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u6743\u91cd\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u3002[1]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u52a8\u673a\u673a\u5236<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u52a8\u673a\u5305\u62ec\u81ea\u6211\u7533\u8fa9\u548c\u907f\u514d\u6d6a\u8d39\u3002\u81ea\u6211\u7533\u8fa9\u662f\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u52a8\u673a\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5373\u7531\u4e8e\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u627f\u8ba4\u51b3\u7b56\u5931\u8bef\uff0c\u4f01\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u7ee7\u7eed\u6295\u5165\u4ee5\u8bc1\u660e\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u3002Friedman,Pommerenke,Lukose,Milam\u548cHuberman\uff082007\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u4e2a\u4f53\u901a\u8fc7\u5b8c\u6210\u81ea\u5df1\u542f\u52a8\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u4fdd\u6301\u826f\u597d\u7684\u58f0\u8a89\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u8db3\u4ee5\u5f25\u8865\u989d\u5916\u6295\u5165\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u9884\u671f\u635f\u5931\u3002\u907f\u514d\u6d6a\u8d39\u672c\u662f\u529d\u8beb\u4eba\u4eec\u5207\u52ff\u6d6a\u8d39\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u884c\u4e3a\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u8fc7\u5ea6\u6cdb\u5316\u6216\u8bef\u7528\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u542f\u53d1\u5f0f\u53ef\u80fd\u8bf1\u53d1\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c<\/a>\u7684\u975e\u7406\u6027\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6d6a\u8d39\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u6d6a\u8d39\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8868\u73b0\u6216\u611f\u53d7\u3002[1]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u91cd\u8981\u7406\u8bba<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

\u524d\u666f\u7406\u8bba(Prospect Theory)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Thaler(1980)\u63d0\u51faKahneman\u548cTversky\u7684\u524d\u666f\u7406\u8bba\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u63d0\u4f9b\u7406\u8bba\u89e3\u91ca\u3002Kahneman\u548cTversky(1979)\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e22\u5931\u4e00\u5927\u7b14\u94b1\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8981\u6bd4\u83b7\u5f97\u540c\u6837\u6570\u76ee\u94b1\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5927\u5f97\u591a\u3002Thaler\u8ba4\u4e3a\u3002\u4e3a\u67d0\u79cd\u7269\u54c1\u6216\u670d\u52a1\u4ed8\u8d39\u4f1a\u63d0\u9ad8\u5c06\u6765\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u7269\u54c1\u6216\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u503e\u5411\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u7814\u7a76\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e86\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u3002[2]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u627f\u8bfa\u5347\u7ea7(Escalation of Commitment)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u5927\u91cf\u6709\u5173\u627f\u8bfa\u5347\u7ea7\u7684\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u627f\u8bfa\u5347\u7ea7\u4e0e\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u666f\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u5373\u5931\u8d25\u4f1a\u63d0\u9ad8\u5bf9\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\u3002Staw(1976)\u4ee5\u4e00\u7ec4\u5546\u4e1a\u7cfb\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u4e3a\u88ab\u8bd5\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6295\u8d44\u7684\u60c5\u666f\u4e2d\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u90a3\u4e9b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e94\u8be5\u5bf9\u5148\u524d\u6295\u8d44\u5931\u8d25\u8d1f\u8d23\u7684\u88ab\u8bd5\u6bd4\u5148\u524d\u6295\u8d44\u6210\u529f\u7684\u88ab\u8bd5\u5728\u540e\u6765\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u4e2d\u4f1a\u6295\u5165\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u94b1\u3002[2]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4(Cognitive Dissonance\uff09<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u5229\u7528\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u662f\u6307\uff0c\u5f53\u5bf9\u5148\u524d\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6295\u8d44\u6216\u4ea4\u4e86\u4f1a\u8d39\u4e4b\u540e\u3002\u53d1\u73b0\u5176\u6240\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u4e0b\u964d\u4e86\u6216\u5e76\u4e0d\u5982\u4e4b\u524d\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u90a3\u4e48\u597d\u65f6\uff0c\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u4f1a\u4f53\u9a8c\u7740\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u5bf9\u6700\u521d\u51b3\u7b56\u65f6\u9884\u671f\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\u548c\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u90a3\u4e2a\u5229\u76ca\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u800c\u8981\u60f3\u7f13\u89e3\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u4e00\u822c\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0b\u9762\u51e0\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a(1)\u4e0d\u518d\u5fe0\u5b9e\u4e8e\u6700\u521d\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u54ea\u5bb6\u5e97\u63d0\u4f9b\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u5c31\u5149\u987e\u54ea\u5bb6\u5e97\u3002(2)\u5c3d\u91cf\u5ffd\u7565\u6700\u521d\u6ca1\u6709\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u5e97\u6709\u540c\u7b49\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002(3\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ef\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u4e0d\u5982\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u7ee7\u7eed\u5149\u987e\u719f\u6089\u5546\u5e97\u7684\u8212\u9002\u3001\u81ea\u5728\u548c\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u540e\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u5373\u662f\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u3002[2]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u81ea\u6211\u77e5\u89c9\u7406\u8bba(Self-perception Theory)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u81ea\u6211\u77e5\u89c9\u7406\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u89c2\u5bdf\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6765\u63a8\u8bba\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u5bf9\u5176\u6700\u521d\u51b3\u5b9a\u4ea4\u7eb3\u4f1a\u8d39\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u6216\u589e\u5f3a\u5176\u5bf9\u6240\u9009\u5546\u5e97\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u503e\u5411\u6216\u60c5\u611f\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u77e5\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u5149\u987e\u3002[2]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f71\u54cd\u56e0\u7d20<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u56e0\u7d20\u5305\u62ec\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u7279\u6027\u3001\u60c5\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u3001\u4e2a\u4f53\u5dee\u5f02\u548c\u6587\u5316\u5dee\u5f02\u7b49\u3002[1]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u7279\u6027<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u7684\u7279\u6027\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6307\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u548c\u7c7b\u522b\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u4e0e\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u5177\u6709\u6b63\u76f8\u5173\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5373\u76f8\u6bd4\u8f83\u5c0f\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u8f83\u5927\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u53d1\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u5982\u5148\u524d\u652f\u4ed8\u7684\u4f1a\u5458\u8d39\u8d8a\u9ad8\uff0c\u8d8a\u53ef\u80fd\u963b\u788d\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u5728\u968f\u540e\u7684\u6d88\u8d39\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u8f6c\u5411\u5176\u4ed6\u7ade\u4e89\u5546\u5bb6\u3002Garland\u548cNewport(1991)\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8bc1\u5b9e\u5bf9\u4e8e\u540c\u7b49\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6bd4\u7edd\u5bf9\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u66f4\u6613\u5f15\u53d1\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u73b0\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u8bba\u5bf9\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u6216\u52aa\u529b\u80fd\u5426\u5f15\u53d1\u884c\u4e3a\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u4ecd\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u76f8\u6bd4\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u7531\u91d1\u94b1\u6210\u672c\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u66f4\u4e3a\u666e\u904d\u3002[1]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u60c5\u5883\u56e0\u7d20<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u968f\u7740\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c<\/a>\u8ddd\u79bb\u5f53\u524d\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u95f4\u9694\u8d8a\u957f\uff0c\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u5bf9\u5f53\u524d\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u9010\u6e10\u964d\u4f4e\uff0c\u652f\u4ed8\u4e0e\u6d88\u8d39\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5ef6\u8fdf\u53ef\u4ee5\u964d\u4f4e\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\uff0c\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u662f\u5426\u987e\u53ca\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u4e5f\u4e0e\u51b3\u7b56\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u9648\u8ff0\u65b9\u5f0f\u6709\u5173\u3002\u9879\u76ee\u8fdb\u5c55\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u6846\u67b6\u5206\u4e3a\u8fc7\u53bb\u6846\u67b6\u548c\u672a\u6765\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\u5df2\u82b1\u8d39\u7684\u9884\u7b97\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u53ca\u5df2\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u91cf\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\u8fd8\u5269\u4f59\u7684\u9884\u7b97\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u91cf\u3002Karevold\u548cTeigen(2010)\u8bc1\u5b9e\u8fc7\u53bb\u6846\u67b6\u76f8\u6bd4\u672a\u6765\u6846\u67b6\u66f4\u80fd\u589e\u5f3a\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u7684\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u504f\u597d\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0cLaing(2010)\u5728\u9488\u5bf9\u8d22\u52a1\u89c4\u5212\u5e08\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u540c\u6837\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c<\/a>\uff0c\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u5728\u79ef\u6781\u6846\u67b6\u4e0b\uff08\u598250\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u670930\u4e2a\u6210\u529f\uff09\u6bd4\u6d88\u6781\u6846\u67b6\uff0850\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u670920\u4e2a\u5931\u8d25\uff09\u66f4\u52a0\u663e\u8457\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\u79ef\u6781\u6846\u67b6\u8bf1\u53d1\u4e86\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u5bfb\u6c42\u884c\u4e3a<\/a>\u3002[1]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e2a\u4f53\u5dee\u5f02<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u5e74\u9f84\u3001\u4e13\u4e1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u7279\u8d28\u7b49\u4e2a\u4f53\u5dee\u5f02\u53ef\u80fd\u5f71\u54cd\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u5bf9\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u7684\u654f\u611f\u6027\u3002\u5728\u5e74\u9f84\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8001\u5e74\u4eba\u5177\u5907\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4e0d\u50cf\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u90a3\u6837\u987e\u53ca\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u89c4\u907f\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u7684\u975e\u7406\u6027\u5f71\u54cd\u3002Tan\u548cYates(1995)\u53d1\u73b0\u4f1a\u8ba1\u4e13\u4e1a\u5927\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u5546\u4e1a\u51b3\u7b56\u4efb\u52a1\u4e2d\u4e0d\u6613\u53d7\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c<\/a>\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u51b3\u7b56\u4efb\u52a1\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7ed3\u8bba\u5728\u533b\u62a4\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u5f97\u5230\u8bc1\u5b9e\uff0c\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u6210\u672c\u7ba1\u7406<\/a>\u548c\u7406\u6027\u51b3\u7b56<\/a>\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u5bf9\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u89c4\u907f\u4f5c\u7528\u9650\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57df\u3002\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u4e0e\u5f53\u524d\u51b3\u7b56\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u8d28\u53ef\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u8c03\u8282\u8fd9\u4e00\u5fc3\u7406\u8054\u7cfb\u6765\u5f71\u54cd\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u3002van<\/a> Putten,Zeelenberg\u548cvan Dijk(2010)\u63d0\u51fa\u72b6\u6001\u5bfc\u5411<\/a>\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4ece\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u51fa\u53d1\u5ba1\u89c6\u5f53\u524d\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u800c\u884c\u4e3a\u5bfc\u5411<\/a>\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u66f4\u52a0\u5173\u6ce8\u672a\u6765\u548c\u6240\u80fd\u8fbe\u6210\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u76f8\u6bd4\u884c\u4e3a\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u72b6\u6001\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u51b3\u7b56\u66f4\u6613\u53d7\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002[1]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u5316\u5dee\u5f02<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u6587\u5316\u5dee\u5f02\u6e90\u4e8e\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u6587\u5316<\/a>\u548c\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u6587\u5316<\/a>\u5728\u81ea\u6211\u7533\u8fa9\u548c\u98ce\u9669\u5bfb\u6c42\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0cYoder,Mancha\u548cAgrawal(2014)\u53d1\u73b0\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd<\/a>\u88ab\u8bd5\u6bd4\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5370\u5ea6<\/a>\u88ab\u8bd5\u66f4\u591a\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5173\u6ce8\u81ea\u6211\uff0c\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u8bc1\u5b9e\u548c\u91cd\u7533\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u800c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5173\u6ce8\u96c6\u4f53\u4f18\u5316\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u4e0d\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0cKhan,Salter\u548cSharp(2000)\u63d0\u51fa\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u8010\u53d7\u5ea6\u9ad8\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u5411\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c<\/a>\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u6269\u5927\u6295\u5165\u3002[1]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u76f8\u5173\u5f71\u54cd<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

\u79ef\u6781\u5f71\u54cd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u5408\u7406\u5229\u7528\uff0c\u8fbe\u5230\u53d8\u5bb3\u4e3a\u5229\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u6548\u679c\u3002Eswaran\u548cHugh\u63d0\u51fa\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u6548\u5e94\u53ef\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u63d0\u5347\u76ee\u6807\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u901a\u8fc7\u9884\u5148\u652f\u4ed8\u5065\u8eab\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u4f1a\u5458\u8d39\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fbe\u5230\u7763\u4fc3\u575a\u6301\u953b\u70bc\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002[4]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6d88\u6781\u5f71\u54cd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u5f80\u5f80\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff1a\u4e3a\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u635f\u5931\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u60c5\u7eea\u800c\u6c89\u6eba\u4e8e\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4ed8\u51fa\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u505a\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u975e\u7406\u6027\u884c\u4e3a\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002[3]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6b63\u786e\u5bf9\u5f85<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u662f\u5728\u505a\u6295\u8d44\u51b3\u7b56\u65f6\uff0c\u8981\u4ee5\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u8861\u91cf\u6295\u8d44\u9879\u76ee\u6210\u672c\u3002\u53ea\u8003\u8651\u8be5\u884c\u52a8\u65b9\u6848\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8003\u8651\u975e\u76f8\u5173\u6210\u672c\uff0e\u76f8\u5173\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u4e0e\u7279\u5b9a\u51b3\u7b56\u548c\u884c\u52a8\u6709\u5173\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u5206\u6790\u8bc4\u4ef7\u65f6\u5fc5\u987b\u52a0\u4ee5\u8003\u8651\u7684\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5dee\u989d\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u91cd\u7f6e\u6210\u672c<\/a>\u3001\u673a\u4f1a\u6210\u672c<\/a>\u7b49\u3002\u975e\u76f8\u5173\u6210\u672c\u5219\u662f\u6307\u5728\u51b3\u7b56\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u5df2\u53d1\u751f\u6216\u4e0d\u7ba1\u91c7\u53d6\u4ec0\u4e48\u65b9\u6848\u90fd\u8981\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0e\u7279\u5b9a\u51b3\u7b56\u65e0\u5173\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e0d\u5e94\u7eb3\u5165\u51b3\u7b56\u6210\u672c\u7684\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u5982\u8fc7\u53bb\u6210\u672c\u3001\u8d26\u9762\u6210\u672c<\/a>\u7b49\u3002[5]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e8c\u662f\u4ece\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u770b\uff0c\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c<\/a>\u662f\u51b3\u7b56\u975e\u76f8\u5173\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u82e5\u51b3\u7b56\u65f6\u8ba1\u5165\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u5c06\u4f7f\u6210\u672c\u9ad8\u4f30\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f5c\u51fa\u9519\u8bef\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u4f46\u5e94\u8003\u8651\u4e0e\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5df2\u6295\u5165\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u6210\u672c\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u673a\u4f1a\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u4e00\u9879\u8d44\u6e90\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u6295\u8d44\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u6709\u6295\u8d44\u673a\u4f1aA\u548c\u6295\u8d44\u673a\u4f1aB\u3002\u6295\u8d44A\u7684\u9884\u671f\u6536\u76ca\u4e3a100\u5143\uff0c\u800c\u6295\u8d44\u673a\u4f1aB\u7684\u9884\u671f\u6536\u76ca\u4e3a120\u5143\u3002\u5219\u6295\u8d44A\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u6210\u672c<\/a>\u5c31\u662f20\u5143(120-100=20\u5143\u300b\u3002\u4e0d\u96be\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u51b3\u7b56\u65f6\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u6210\u672c\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u8003\u8651\u7684\u3002[5]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e09\u662f\u4ece\u98ce\u9669\u9632\u8303\u5bf9\u7b56\u770b\uff0c\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c<\/a>\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8003\u8651\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u98ce\u9669\u4e00\u65e6\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u5f62\u6210\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u98ce\u9669\u5ea6\u91cf\u5de5\u5177\u6765\u4f7f\u7528\u3002[5]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u56db\u662f\u8981\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u201c\u82b1\u94b1\u4e70\u6559\u8bad\u201d\u201c\u4ea4\u5b66\u8d39\u201d\u5c31\u662f\u4ece\u53e6\u4e00\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\u5f85\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\uff0e\u6709\u65f6\uff0c\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4f01\u4e1a\u5e26\u6765\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u4f18\u52bf\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u66fe\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u82e5\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7684\u56fa\u5b9a\u6210\u672c<\/a>\u6216\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u5f88\u9ad8\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u9ad8\u7684\u8fdb\u5165\u95e8\u69db\u6216\u58c1\u5792\u3002[5]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u9006\u6548\u5e94<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

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