{"id":744,"date":"2022-05-13T16:24:30","date_gmt":"2022-05-13T08:24:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.xtaa.cn\/?p=744"},"modified":"2024-12-22T14:24:43","modified_gmt":"2024-12-22T06:24:43","slug":"python%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/blog.xtaa.cn\/index.php\/2022\/05\/13\/python%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b0\/","title":{"rendered":"Python\u7591\u70b9-\u590d\u4e60\u7528"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u6458\u81ea\u5b66\u4e60\u65f6https:\/\/liaoxuefeng.com\/books\/python\/introduction\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u3001<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7406\u89e3\u53d8\u91cf\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u7684\u8868\u793a\u4e5f\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5199\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a = 'ABC'\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\u65f6\uff0cPython\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u5e72\u4e86\u4e24\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  1. \u5728\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a'ABC'<\/code>\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff1b<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. \u5728\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3aa<\/code>\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u5b83\u6307\u5411<\/strong>'ABC'<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
    \u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cfa<\/code>\u8d4b\u503c\u7ed9\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cfb<\/code>\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u628a\u53d8\u91cfb<\/code>\u6307\u5411\u53d8\u91cfa<\/code>\u6240\u6307\u5411\u7684<\/strong>\u6570\u636e<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    a = ‘ABC’
    b = a
    a = ‘XYZ’
    print(b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    b<\/code>\u7684\u503c\u662f'ABC'<\/code>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6267\u884ca = 'XYZ'<\/code>\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32’XYZ’\uff0c\u5e76\u628aa<\/code>\u7684\u6307\u5411\u6539\u4e3a'XYZ'<\/code>\uff0c\u4f46b<\/code>\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u66f4\u6539<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u6458\u81eahttps:\/\/liaoxuefeng.com\/books\/python\/basic\/data-types\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u518d\u8bae\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    \u4e0a\u9762\u6211\u4eec\u8bb2\u4e86\uff0cstr\u662f\u4e0d\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u800clist\u662f\u53ef\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5bf9\u4e8e\u53ef\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982list\uff0c\u5bf9list\u8fdb\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0clist\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u4f1a\u53d8\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> a = ['c', 'b', 'a']\n>>> a.sort()\n>>> a\n['a', 'b', 'c']\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u800c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982str\uff0c\u5bf9str\u8fdb\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\u5462\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> a = 'abc'\n>>> a.replace('a', 'A')\n'Abc'\n>>> a\n'abc'\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u867d\u7136\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u6709\u4e2areplace()<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e5f\u786e\u5b9e\u53d8\u51fa\u4e86'Abc'<\/code>\uff0c\u4f46\u53d8\u91cfa<\/code>\u6700\u540e\u4ecd\u662f'abc'<\/code>\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u600e\u4e48\u7406\u89e3\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u6211\u4eec\u5148\u628a\u4ee3\u7801\u6539\u6210\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u6837\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> a = 'abc'\n>>> b = a.replace('a', 'A')\n>>> b\n'Abc'\n>>> a\n'abc'\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u8981\u59cb\u7ec8\u7262\u8bb0\u7684\u662f\uff0ca<\/code>\u662f\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u800c'abc'<\/code>\u624d\u662f\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5bf9\u8c61\uff01\u6709\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u8bf4\uff0c\u5bf9\u8c61a<\/code>\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u662f'abc'<\/code>\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u6307\uff0ca<\/code>\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5b83\u6307\u5411\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u624d\u662f'abc'<\/code>\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510                  \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510\n\u2502 a \u2502\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500>\u2502 'abc' \u2502\n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518                  \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8c03\u7528a.replace('a', 'A')<\/code>\u65f6\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u8c03\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5replace<\/code>\u662f\u4f5c\u7528\u5728\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5bf9\u8c61'abc'<\/code>\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u867d\u7136\u540d\u5b57\u53ebreplace<\/code>\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u6539\u53d8\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32'abc'<\/code>\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0creplace<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32'Abc'<\/code>\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u53d8\u91cfb<\/code>\u6307\u5411\u8be5\u65b0\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u5c31\u5bb9\u6613\u7406\u89e3\u4e86\uff0c\u53d8\u91cfa<\/code>\u4ecd\u6307\u5411\u539f\u6709\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32'abc'<\/code>\uff0c\u4f46\u53d8\u91cfb<\/code>\u5374\u6307\u5411\u65b0\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32'Abc'<\/code>\u4e86\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510                  \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510\n\u2502 a \u2502\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500>\u2502 'abc' \u2502\n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518                  \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518\n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510                  \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510\n\u2502 b \u2502\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500>\u2502 'Abc' \u2502\n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518                  \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0d\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u5bf9\u8c61\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u4efb\u610f\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u8be5\u5bf9\u8c61\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5c31\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e86\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\u6c38\u8fdc\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u4e8c\u3001<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5217\u8868\uff1alist\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u5e8f\u7684\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u65f6\u6dfb\u52a0\u548c\u5220\u9664\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u7d20,\u7528\u4e2d\u62ec\u53f7[]\u62ec\u8d77\u6765<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5143\u7ec4\uff1atuple\u548clist\u975e\u5e38\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u662ftuple\u4e00\u65e6\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fee\u6539,\u7528\u5c0f\u62ec\u53f7()\u62ec\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709append()\uff0cinsert()\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u8981\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ea\u67091\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684tuple\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u8fd9\u4e48\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> t = (1)\n>>> t\n1\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u4e0d\u662ftuple\uff0c\u662f1<\/code>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\uff01\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u62ec\u53f7()<\/code>\u65e2\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u793atuple\uff0c\u53c8\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u793a\u6570\u5b66\u516c\u5f0f\u4e2d\u7684\u5c0f\u62ec\u53f7\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6b67\u4e49\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cPython\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6309\u5c0f\u62ec\u53f7\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u7ed3\u679c\u81ea\u7136\u662f1<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u53ea\u67091\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684tuple\u5b9a\u4e49\u65f6\u5fc5\u987b\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u9017\u53f7,<\/code>\uff0c\u6765\u6d88\u9664\u6b67\u4e49\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> t = (1,)\n>>> t\n(1,)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    Python\u5728\u663e\u793a\u53ea\u67091\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684tuple\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u9017\u53f7,<\/code>\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u4f60\u8bef\u89e3\u6210\u6570\u5b66\u8ba1\u7b97\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u62ec\u53f7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u6700\u540e\u6765\u770b\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\u201dtuple\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> t = ('a', 'b', ['A', 'B'])\n>>> t[2][0] = 'X'\n>>> t[2][1] = 'Y'\n>>> t\n('a', 'b', ['X', 'Y'])\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u8fd9\u4e2atuple\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u67093\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u662f'a'<\/code>\uff0c'b'<\/code>\u548c\u4e00\u4e2alist\uff0ctuple\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u4e0d\u53d8\u201d\u662f\u8bf4\uff0ctuple\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u6307\u5411\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u53d8\u3002\u5373\u6307\u5411'a'<\/code>\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u6539\u6210\u6307\u5411'b'<\/code>\uff0c\u6307\u5411\u4e00\u4e2alist\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u6539\u6210\u6307\u5411\u5176\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4f46\u6307\u5411\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2alist\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u90fd\u662f\u53ef\u8fed\u4ee3\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    for…in\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u4f9d\u6b21\u628alist\u6216tuple\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u8fed\u4ee3\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u770b\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    names = ['Michael', 'Bob', 'Tracy']\nfor<\/strong> name in<\/strong> names:\n    print(name)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u6267\u884c\u8fd9\u6bb5\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u4f1a\u4f9d\u6b21\u6253\u5370names<\/code>\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Michael\nBob\nTracy\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u6240\u4ee5for x in ...<\/code>\u5faa\u73af\u5c31\u662f\u628a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u4ee3\u5165\u53d8\u91cfx<\/code><\/strong>\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6267\u884c\u7f29\u8fdb\u5757\u7684\u8bed\u53e5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u518d\u6bd4\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u8ba1\u7b971-10\u7684\u6574\u6570\u4e4b\u548c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e00\u4e2asum<\/code>\u53d8\u91cf\u505a\u7d2f\u52a0\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    sum = 0\nfor<\/strong> x in<\/strong> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]:\n    sum = sum + x\nprint(sum)<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Python\u7684for<\/code>\u5faa\u73af\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5728list<\/code>\u6216tuple<\/code>\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u7528\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u53ef\u8fed\u4ee3\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0a\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982dict<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u4f46\u56e0\u4e3adict<\/code>\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u4e0d\u662f\u6309\u7167list<\/code>\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u987a\u5e8f\u6392\u5217\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u8fed\u4ee3\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u987a\u5e8f\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0cdict<\/code>\u8fed\u4ee3\u7684\u662fkey\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8981\u8fed\u4ee3value\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528for value in d.values()<\/code>\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8981\u540c\u65f6\u8fed\u4ee3key\u548cvalue\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528for k, v in d.items()<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8efor<\/code>\u5faa\u73af\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u79cd\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u4e00\u7c7b\u662f\u96c6\u5408\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5982list<\/code>\u3001tuple<\/code>\u3001dict<\/code>\u3001set<\/code>\u3001str<\/code>\u7b49\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u4e00\u7c7b\u662fgenerator<\/code>\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u751f\u6210\u5668\u548c\u5e26yield<\/code>\u7684generator function\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u8fd9\u4e9b\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8efor<\/code>\u5faa\u73af\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7edf\u79f0\u4e3a\u53ef\u8fed\u4ee3\u5bf9\u8c61<\/strong>\uff1aIterable<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528isinstance()<\/code>\u5224\u65ad\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u5426\u662fIterable<\/code>\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> from collections.abc import Iterable\n>>> isinstance([], Iterable)\nTrue\n>>> isinstance({}, Iterable)\nTrue\n>>> isinstance('abc', Iterable)\nTrue\n>>> isinstance((x for x in range(10)), Iterable)\nTrue\n>>> isinstance(100, Iterable)\nFalse\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u800c\u751f\u6210\u5668\u4e0d\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8efor<\/code>\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u88abnext()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u65ad\u8c03\u7528\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6700\u540e\u629b\u51faStopIteration<\/code>\u9519\u8bef\u8868\u793a\u65e0\u6cd5\u7ee7\u7eed\u8fd4\u56de\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u53ef\u4ee5\u88abnext()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u5e76\u4e0d\u65ad\u8fd4\u56de\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u79f0\u4e3a\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668<\/strong>\uff1aIterator<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528isinstance()<\/code>\u5224\u65ad\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u5426\u662fIterator<\/code>\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> from collections.abc import Iterator\n>>> isinstance((x for x in range(10)), Iterator)\nTrue\n>>> isinstance([], Iterator)\nFalse\n>>> isinstance({}, Iterator)\nFalse\n>>> isinstance('abc', Iterator)\nFalse\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u751f\u6210\u5668\u90fd\u662fIterator<\/code>\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4f46list<\/code>\u3001dict<\/code>\u3001str<\/code>\u867d\u7136\u662fIterable<\/code>\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u662fIterator<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u628alist<\/code>\u3001dict<\/code>\u3001str<\/code>\u7b49Iterable<\/code>\u53d8\u6210Iterator<\/code>\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528iter()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> isinstance(iter([]), Iterator)\nTrue\n>>> isinstance(iter('abc'), Iterator)\nTrue\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u95ee\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48list<\/code>\u3001dict<\/code>\u3001str<\/code>\u7b49\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0d\u662fIterator<\/code>\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3aPython\u7684Iterator<\/code>\u5bf9\u8c61\u8868\u793a\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u6d41\uff0cIterator<\/code>\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ef\u4ee5\u88abnext()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u5e76\u4e0d\u65ad\u8fd4\u56de\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6ca1\u6709\u6570\u636e\u65f6\u629b\u51faStopIteration<\/code>\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u6d41\u770b\u505a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u5e8f\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u5374\u4e0d\u80fd\u63d0\u524d\u77e5\u9053\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u4e0d\u65ad\u901a\u8fc7next()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u5b9e\u73b0\u6309\u9700\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5Iterator<\/code>\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u662f\u60f0\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u9700\u8981\u8fd4\u56de\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u65f6\u5b83\u624d\u4f1a\u8ba1\u7b97<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u4e09\u3001<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    if<\/code>\u8bed\u53e5\u6267\u884c\u6709\u4e2a\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4ece\u4e0a\u5f80\u4e0b\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u5224\u65ad\u4e0a\u662fTrue<\/code>\uff0c\u628a\u8be5\u5224\u65ad\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u8bed\u53e5\u6267\u884c\u540e\uff0c\u5c31\u5ffd\u7565<\/strong>\u6389\u5269\u4e0b\u7684elif<\/code>\u548celse<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u53e6\u5916\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u7528if ... elif ... elif ... else ...<\/code>\u5224\u65ad\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u5199\u5f88\u957f\u4e00\u4e32\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u8f83\u5dee\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5982\u679c\u8981\u9488\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u5339\u914d\u82e5\u5e72\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528match<\/code>\u8bed\u53e5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u67d0\u4e2a\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u6210\u7ee9\u53ea\u80fd\u662fA<\/code>\u3001B<\/code>\u3001C<\/code>\uff0c\u7528if<\/code>\u8bed\u53e5\u7f16\u5199\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    score = 'B'\nif score == 'A':\n    print('score is A.')\nelif score == 'B':\n    print('score is B.')\nelif score == 'C':\n    print('score is C.')\nelse:\n    print('invalid score.')\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5982\u679c\u7528match<\/code>\u8bed\u53e5\u6539\u5199\uff0c\u5219\u6539\u5199\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    score = 'B'\n\nmatch score:\n    case 'A':\n        print('score is A.')\n    case 'B':\n        print('score is B.')\n    case 'C':\n        print('score is C.')\n    case _: # _\u8868\u793a\u5339\u914d\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u51b5\n        print('score is ???.')\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u4f7f\u7528match<\/code>\u8bed\u53e5\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f9d\u6b21\u7528case xxx<\/code>\u5339\u914d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6700\u540e\uff08\u4e14\u4ec5\u80fd\u5728\u6700\u540e\uff09\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2acase _<\/code>\u8868\u793a\u201c\u4efb\u610f\u503c\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    match<\/code>\u8bed\u53e5\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5339\u914d\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u529f\u80fd\u975e\u5e38\u5f3a\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u6211\u4eec\u5047\u8bbe\u7528\u6237\u8f93\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7528args = ['gcc', 'hello.c']<\/code>\u5b58\u50a8\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u6f14\u793a\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u7528match<\/code>\u5339\u914d\u6765\u89e3\u6790\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    args = ['gcc', 'hello.c', 'world.c']\n# args = ['clean']\n# args = ['gcc']\n\nmatch args:\n    # \u5982\u679c\u4ec5\u51fa\u73b0gcc\uff0c\u62a5\u9519:\n    case ['gcc']:\n        print('gcc: missing source file(s).')\n    # \u51fa\u73b0gcc\uff0c\u4e14\u81f3\u5c11\u6307\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6:\n    case ['gcc', file1, *files]:\n        print('gcc compile: ' + file1 + ', ' + ', '.join(files))\n    # \u4ec5\u51fa\u73b0clean:\n    case ['clean']:\n        print('clean')\n    case _:\n        print('invalid command.')\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2acase ['gcc']<\/code>\u8868\u793a\u5217\u8868\u4ec5\u6709'gcc'<\/code>\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\uff0c\u62a5\u9519\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2acase ['gcc', file1, *files]<\/code>\u8868\u793a\u5217\u8868\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u662f'gcc'<\/code>\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230\u53d8\u91cffile1<\/code>\uff0c\u540e\u9762\u7684\u4efb\u610f\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230*files<\/code>\uff08\u7b26\u53f7*<\/code>\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u5c06\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u53c2\u6570<\/a>\u4e2d\u8bb2\u89e3\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u8868\u793a\u81f3\u5c11\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2acase ['clean']<\/code>\u8868\u793a\u5217\u8868\u4ec5\u6709'clean'<\/code>\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2acase _<\/code>\u8868\u793a\u5176\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u56db\u3001<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u6458\u81eahttps:\/\/liaoxuefeng.com\/books\/python\/function\/parameter\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570\u6709\u4e2a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5751\uff0c\u6f14\u793a\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5148\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4f20\u5165\u4e00\u4e2alist\uff0c\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2aEND<\/code>\u518d\u8fd4\u56de\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    def add_end(L=[]):\n    L.append('END')\n    return L\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5f53\u4f60\u6b63\u5e38\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0d\u9519\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> add_end([1, 2, 3])\n[1, 2, 3, 'END']\n>>> add_end(['x', 'y', 'z'])\n['x', 'y', 'z', 'END']\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5f53\u4f60\u4f7f\u7528\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u7ed3\u679c\u4e5f\u662f\u5bf9\u7684\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> add_end()\n['END']\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u518d\u6b21\u8c03\u7528add_end()<\/code>\u65f6\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u5c31\u4e0d\u5bf9\u4e86\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> add_end()\n['END', 'END']\n>>> add_end()\n['END', 'END', 'END']\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5f88\u591a\u521d\u5b66\u8005\u5f88\u7591\u60d1\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570\u662f[]<\/code>\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u51fd\u6570\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6bcf\u6b21\u90fd\u201c\u8bb0\u4f4f\u4e86\u201d\u4e0a\u6b21\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e86'END'<\/code>\u540e\u7684list\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u539f\u56e0\u89e3\u91ca\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Python\u51fd\u6570\u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570L<\/code>\u7684\u503c\u5c31\u88ab\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u6765\u4e86\uff0c\u5373[]<\/code>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570L<\/code>\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5b83\u6307\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61[]<\/code>\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u8c03\u7528\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6539\u53d8\u4e86L<\/code>\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5219\u4e0b\u6b21\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5c31\u53d8\u4e86\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u51fd\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u65f6\u7684[]<\/code>\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
     \u7279\u522b\u6ce8\u610f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5b9a\u4e49\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570\u8981\u7262\u8bb0\u4e00\u70b9\uff1a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570\u5fc5\u987b\u6307\u5411\u4e0d\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u8981\u4fee\u6539\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528None<\/code>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    def add_end(L=None):\n    if L is None:\n        L = []\n    L.append('END')\n    return L\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u8c03\u7528\u591a\u5c11\u6b21\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u95ee\u9898\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> add_end()\n['END']\n>>> add_end()\n['END']\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u8bbe\u8ba1str<\/code>\u3001None<\/code>\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e0d\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\u5462\uff1f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e00\u65e6\u521b\u5efa\uff0c\u5bf9\u8c61\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fee\u6539\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u7531\u4e8e\u4fee\u6539\u6570\u636e\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c\u591a\u4efb\u52a1\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u540c\u65f6\u8bfb\u53d6\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u52a0\u9501\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8bfb\u4e00\u70b9\u95ee\u9898\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u7f16\u5199\u7a0b\u5e8f\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u5c3d\u91cf\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6210\u4e0d\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    \u5728Python\u51fd\u6570\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570\u3002\u987e\u540d\u601d\u4e49\uff0c\u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570\u5c31\u662f\u4f20\u5165\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u4e2a\u6570\u662f\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f1\u4e2a\u30012\u4e2a\u5230\u4efb\u610f\u4e2a\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f0\u4e2a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u6570\u5b66\u9898\u4e3a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u7ed9\u5b9a\u4e00\u7ec4\u6570\u5b57a\uff0cb\uff0cc\u2026\u2026\uff0c\u8bf7\u8ba1\u7b97a2<\/sup> + b2<\/sup> + c2<\/sup> + \u2026\u2026\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u8981\u5b9a\u4e49\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u786e\u5b9a\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u53c2\u6570\u4e2a\u6570\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u60f3\u5230\u53ef\u4ee5\u628aa\uff0cb\uff0cc\u2026\u2026\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2alist\u6216tuple\u4f20\u8fdb\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    def calc(numbers):\n    sum = 0\n    for n in numbers:\n        sum = sum + n * n\n    return sum\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u4f46\u662f\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5148\u7ec4\u88c5\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2alist\u6216tuple\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> calc([1, 2, 3])\n14\n>>> calc((1, 3, 5, 7))\n84\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5982\u679c\u5229\u7528\u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b80\u5316\u6210\u8fd9\u6837\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> calc(1, 2, 3)\n14\n>>> calc(1, 3, 5, 7)\n84\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u6539\u4e3a\u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    def calc(*numbers):\n    sum = 0\n    for n in numbers:\n        sum = sum + n * n\n    return sum\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5b9a\u4e49\u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2alist\u6216tuple\u53c2\u6570\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5728\u53c2\u6570\u524d\u9762\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a*<\/code>\u53f7\u3002\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u90e8\uff0c\u53c2\u6570numbers<\/code>\u63a5\u6536\u5230\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2atuple\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u51fd\u6570\u4ee3\u7801\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u53d8\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f20\u5165\u4efb\u610f\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5305\u62ec0\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> calc(1, 2)\n5\n>>> calc()\n0\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5982\u679c\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4e00\u4e2alist\u6216\u8005tuple\uff0c\u8981\u8c03\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570\u600e\u4e48\u529e\uff1f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> nums = [1, 2, 3]\n>>> calc(nums[0], nums[1], nums[2])\n14\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u8fd9\u79cd\u5199\u6cd5\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u53ef\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u592a\u7e41\u7410\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5Python\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u5728list\u6216tuple\u524d\u9762\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a*<\/code>\u53f7\uff0c\u628alist\u6216tuple\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u53d8\u6210\u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570\u4f20\u8fdb\u53bb\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> nums = [1, 2, 3]\n>>> calc(*nums)\n14\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    *nums<\/code>\u8868\u793a\u628anums<\/code>\u8fd9\u4e2alist\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5143\u7d20\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570\u4f20\u8fdb\u53bb\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5199\u6cd5\u76f8\u5f53\u6709\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f88\u5e38\u89c1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    \u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u4f20\u51650\u4e2a\u6216\u4efb\u610f\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u7ec4\u88c5\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2atuple\u3002\u800c\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u4f20\u51650\u4e2a\u6216\u4efb\u610f\u4e2a\u542b\u53c2\u6570\u540d\u7684\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u90e8\u81ea\u52a8\u7ec4\u88c5\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2adict\u3002\u8bf7\u770b\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    def person(name, age, **kw):\n    print('name:', name, 'age:', age, 'other:', kw)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u51fd\u6570person<\/code>\u9664\u4e86\u5fc5\u9009\u53c2\u6570name<\/code>\u548cage<\/code>\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u63a5\u53d7\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570kw<\/code>\u3002\u5728\u8c03\u7528\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53ea\u4f20\u5165\u5fc5\u9009\u53c2\u6570\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> person('Michael', 30)\nname: Michael age: 30 other: {}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f20\u5165\u4efb\u610f\u4e2a\u6570\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> person('Bob', 35, city='Beijing')\nname: Bob age: 35 other: {'city': 'Beijing'}\n>>> person('Adam', 45, gender='M', job='Engineer')\nname: Adam age: 45 other: {'gender': 'M', 'job': 'Engineer'}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u7528\uff1f\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u6269\u5c55\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5728person<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4fdd\u8bc1\u80fd\u63a5\u6536\u5230name<\/code>\u548cage<\/code>\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8c03\u7528\u8005\u613f\u610f\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u80fd\u6536\u5230\u3002\u8bd5\u60f3\u4f60\u6b63\u5728\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u6ce8\u518c\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u7528\u6237\u540d\u548c\u5e74\u9f84\u662f\u5fc5\u586b\u9879\u5916\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u90fd\u662f\u53ef\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u5c31\u80fd\u6ee1\u8db3\u6ce8\u518c\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u548c\u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5148\u7ec4\u88c5\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2adict\uff0c\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u628a\u8be5dict\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u4f20\u8fdb\u53bb\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> extra = {'city': 'Beijing', 'job': 'Engineer'}\n>>> person('Jack', 24, city=extra['city'], job=extra['job'])\nname: Jack age: 24 other: {'city': 'Beijing', 'job': 'Engineer'}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u590d\u6742\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u7b80\u5316\u7684\u5199\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> extra = {'city': 'Beijing', 'job': 'Engineer'}\n>>> person('Jack', 24, **extra)\nname: Jack age: 24 other: {'city': 'Beijing', 'job': 'Engineer'}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    **extra<\/code>\u8868\u793a\u628aextra<\/code>\u8fd9\u4e2adict\u7684\u6240\u6709key-value\u7528\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u4f20\u5165\u5230\u51fd\u6570\u7684**kw<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\uff0ckw<\/code>\u5c06\u83b7\u5f97\u4e00\u4e2adict\uff0c\u6ce8\u610fkw<\/code>\u83b7\u5f97\u7684dict\u662fextra<\/code>\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u62f7\u8d1d\uff0c\u5bf9kw<\/code>\u7684\u6539\u52a8\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u51fd\u6570\u5916\u7684extra<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u547d\u540d\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    \u5bf9\u4e8e\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f20\u5165\u4efb\u610f\u4e0d\u53d7\u9650\u5236\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u5230\u5e95\u4f20\u5165\u4e86\u54ea\u4e9b\uff0c\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u90e8\u901a\u8fc7kw<\/code>\u68c0\u67e5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u4ecd\u4ee5person()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u68c0\u67e5\u662f\u5426\u6709city<\/code>\u548cjob<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    def person(name, age, **kw):\n    if 'city' in kw:\n        # \u6709city\u53c2\u6570\n        pass\n    if 'job' in kw:\n        # \u6709job\u53c2\u6570\n        pass\n    print('name:', name, 'age:', age, 'other:', kw)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u4f46\u662f\u8c03\u7528\u8005\u4ecd\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f20\u5165\u4e0d\u53d7\u9650\u5236\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> person('Jack', 24, city='Beijing', addr='Chaoyang', zipcode=123456)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5982\u679c\u8981\u9650\u5236\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u547d\u540d\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53ea\u63a5\u6536city<\/code>\u548cjob<\/code>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    def person(name, age, *, city, job):\n    print(name, age, city, job)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u548c\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570**kw<\/code>\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u547d\u540d\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u5206\u9694\u7b26*<\/code>\uff0c*<\/code>\u540e\u9762\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u547d\u540d\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u8c03\u7528\u65b9\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> person('Jack', 24, city='Beijing', job='Engineer')\nJack 24 Beijing Engineer\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5982\u679c\u51fd\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u540e\u9762\u8ddf\u7740\u7684\u547d\u540d\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u5206\u9694\u7b26*<\/code>\u4e86\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    def person(name, age, *args, city, job):\n    print(name, age, args, city, job)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u547d\u540d\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u5fc5\u987b\u4f20\u5165\u53c2\u6570\u540d\uff0c\u8fd9\u548c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53c2\u6570\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u4f20\u5165\u53c2\u6570\u540d\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u5c06\u62a5\u9519\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> person('Jack', 24, 'Beijing', 'Engineer')\nTraceback (most recent call last):\n  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\nTypeError: person() missing 2 required keyword-only arguments: 'city' and 'job'\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u7531\u4e8e\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\u7f3a\u5c11\u53c2\u6570\u540dcity<\/code>\u548cjob<\/code>\uff0cPython\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u628a\u524d\u4e24\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u89c6\u4e3a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u540e\u4e24\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u4f20\u7ed9*args<\/code>\uff0c\u4f46\u7f3a\u5c11\u547d\u540d\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u5bfc\u81f4\u62a5\u9519\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u547d\u540d\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u7f3a\u7701\u503c\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u7b80\u5316\u8c03\u7528\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    def person(name, age, *, city='Beijing', job):\n    print(name, age, city, job)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u7531\u4e8e\u547d\u540d\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570city<\/code>\u5177\u6709\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4e0d\u4f20\u5165city<\/code>\u53c2\u6570\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> person('Jack', 24, job='Engineer')\nJack 24 Beijing Engineer\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u4f7f\u7528\u547d\u540d\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u65f6\uff0c\u8981\u7279\u522b\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a*<\/code>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7279\u6b8a\u5206\u9694\u7b26\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7f3a\u5c11*<\/code>\uff0cPython\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u5c06\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bc6\u522b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u547d\u540d\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    def person(name, age, city, job):\n    # \u7f3a\u5c11 *\uff0ccity\u548cjob\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53c2\u6570\n    pass\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u53c2\u6570\u7ec4\u5408<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    \u5728Python\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5fc5\u9009\u53c2\u6570\u3001\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570\u3001\u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570\u3001\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u547d\u540d\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u8fd95\u79cd\u53c2\u6570\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ec4\u5408\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u53c2\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\uff1a\u5fc5\u9009\u53c2\u6570\u3001\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570\u3001\u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570\u3001\u547d\u540d\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u7528\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u662f\u53ef\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u4f1a\u6709\u903b\u8f91\u9519\u8bef\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u5b9a\u4e49\u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    *args<\/code>\u662f\u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570\uff0cargs\u63a5\u6536\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2atuple\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    **kw<\/code>\u662f\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\uff0ckw\u63a5\u6536\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2adict\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u4ee5\u53ca\u8c03\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u65f6\u5982\u4f55\u4f20\u5165\u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570\u65e2\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u4f20\u5165\uff1afunc(1, 2, 3)<\/code>\uff0c\u53c8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5148\u7ec4\u88c5list\u6216tuple\uff0c\u518d\u901a\u8fc7*args<\/code>\u4f20\u5165\uff1afunc(*(1, 2, 3))<\/code>\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u65e2\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u4f20\u5165\uff1afunc(a=1, b=2)<\/code>\uff0c\u53c8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5148\u7ec4\u88c5dict\uff0c\u518d\u901a\u8fc7**kw<\/code>\u4f20\u5165\uff1afunc(**{'a': 1, 'b': 2})<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u4e94\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Python\u5185\u7f6e\u7684sorted()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9list\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> sorted([36, 5, -12, 9, -21])\n[-21, -12, 5, 9, 36]\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u6b64\u5916\uff0csorted()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ad8\u9636\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5b83\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u6536\u4e00\u4e2akey<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u6392\u5e8f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6309\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u5927\u5c0f\u6392\u5e8f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> sorted([36, 5, -12, 9, -21], key=abs)\n[5, 9, -12, -21, 36]\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    key\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u5c06\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8elist\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u6839\u636ekey\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u53ef\u5b9e\u73b0\u5ffd\u7565\u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u7684\u6392\u5e8f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> sorted(['bob', 'about', 'Zoo', 'Credit'], key=str.lower)\n['about', 'bob', 'Credit', 'Zoo']\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u53cd\u5411\u6392\u5e8f\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u6539\u52a8key\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f20\u5165\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570reverse=True<\/code>\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> sorted(['bob', 'about', 'Zoo', 'Credit'], key=str.lower, reverse=True)\n['Zoo', 'Credit', 'bob', 'about']\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u516d\u3001<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Python\u5185\u5efa\u7684filter()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u8fc7\u6ee4\u5e8f\u5217\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u548cmap()<\/code>\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0cfilter()<\/code>\u4e5f\u63a5\u6536\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\u3002\u548cmap()<\/code>\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0cfilter()<\/code>\u628a\u4f20\u5165\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u4f9d\u6b21\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6839\u636e\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u662fTrue<\/code>\u8fd8\u662fFalse<\/code>\u51b3\u5b9a\u4fdd\u7559\u8fd8\u662f\u4e22\u5f03\u8be5\u5143\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2alist\u4e2d\uff0c\u5220\u6389\u5076\u6570\uff0c\u53ea\u4fdd\u7559\u5947\u6570\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u4e48\u5199\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    def is_odd(n):\n    return n % 2 == 1\n\nlist(filter(is_odd, [1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 15]))\n# \u7ed3\u679c: [1, 5, 9, 15]\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u628a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\u4e2d\u7684\u7a7a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5220\u6389\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u4e48\u5199\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    def<\/strong> not_empty<\/strong>(s):
        return<\/strong> s and<\/strong> s.strip()

    list(filter(not_empty, [‘A’, ”, ‘B’, None, ‘C’, ‘  ‘]))
    # \u7ed3\u679c: [‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
    s and s.strip()\u201c \u8fd9\u4e2a\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u7684\u503c\u3002Python\u8bed\u6cd5\u662f\u8fd9\u4e48\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\uff1a\u5982\u679cs is None;\u90a3\u4e48s\u4f1a\u88ab\u5224\u65ad\u4e3aFalse\u3002\u800cFalse\u4e0d\u7ba1\u548c\u4ec0\u4e48\u505aand;\u7ed3\u679c\u90fd\u662fFalse;\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u770band\u540e\u9762\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f;\u76f4\u63a5\u8fd4\u56de;\u6ce8\u610f\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd4\u56deFalse;\u3002\u5982\u679cs is not None;\u90a3\u4e48s\u4f1a\u88ab\u5224\u65ad\u4e3aTrue;\u800cTrue\u4e0d\u7ba1\u548c\u4ec0\u4e48and\u90fd\u8fd4\u56de\u540e\u4e00\u9879\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u5c31\u8fd4\u56de\u4e86s.strip()\u3002\u6240\u4ee5s.strip() \u4e0d\u80fd\u5355\u72ec\u4f7f\u7528;\u8bed\u6cd5\u662f\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u53ef\u89c1\u7528filter()<\/code>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9ad8\u9636\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5173\u952e\u5728\u4e8e\u6b63\u786e\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u7b5b\u9009\u201d\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u6ce8\u610f\u5230filter()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2aIterator<\/code>\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u60f0\u6027\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8981\u5f3a\u8febfilter()<\/code>\u5b8c\u6210\u8ba1\u7b97\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u7528list()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u83b7\u5f97\u6240\u6709\u7ed3\u679c\u5e76\u8fd4\u56delist\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u4e03\u3001<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u9ad8\u9636\u51fd\u6570\u9664\u4e86\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u51fd\u6570\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u51fd\u6570\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ed3\u679c\u503c\u8fd4\u56de\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u6211\u4eec\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u53d8\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u6c42\u548c\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6c42\u548c\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    def calc_sum(*args):\n    ax = 0\n    for n in args:\n        ax = ax + n\n    return ax\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u7acb\u523b\u6c42\u548c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u540e\u9762\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u9700\u8981\u518d\u8ba1\u7b97\u600e\u4e48\u529e\uff1f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u8fd4\u56de\u6c42\u548c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8fd4\u56de\u6c42\u548c\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    def<\/strong> lazy_sum<\/strong>(*args):\n    def<\/strong> sum<\/strong>():\n        ax = 0\n        for<\/strong> n in<\/strong> args:\n            ax = ax + n\n        return<\/strong> ax\n    return<\/strong> sum\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8c03\u7528lazy_sum()<\/code>\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6c42\u548c\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6c42\u548c\u51fd\u6570\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> f = lazy_sum(1, 3, 5, 7, 9)\n>>> f\n<function<\/strong> lazy_sum.<locals>.sum at 0x101c6ed90>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u8c03\u7528\u51fd\u6570f<\/code>\u65f6\uff0c\u624d\u771f\u6b63\u8ba1\u7b97\u6c42\u548c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> f()\n25\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u51fd\u6570lazy_sum<\/code>\u4e2d\u53c8\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u51fd\u6570sum<\/code>\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u5185\u90e8\u51fd\u6570sum<\/code>\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u7528\u5916\u90e8\u51fd\u6570lazy_sum<\/code>\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5f53lazy_sum<\/code>\u8fd4\u56de\u51fd\u6570sum<\/code>\u65f6\uff0c\u76f8\u5173\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u53d8\u91cf\u90fd\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u95ed\u5305\uff08Closure\uff09\u201d\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ed3\u6784\u62e5\u6709\u6781\u5927\u7684\u5a01\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u8bf7\u518d\u6ce8\u610f\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8c03\u7528lazy_sum()<\/code>\u65f6\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u8c03\u7528\u90fd\u4f1a\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u51fd\u6570<\/strong>\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4f20\u5165\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u53c2\u6570\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> f1 = lazy_sum(1, 3, 5, 7, 9)\n>>> f2 = lazy_sum(1, 3, 5, 7, 9)\n>>> f1==f2\nFalse\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    f1()<\/code>\u548cf2()<\/code>\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u7ed3\u679c\u4e92\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
             \u95ed\u5305<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    \u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u5728\u5176\u5b9a\u4e49\u5185\u90e8\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cfargs<\/code>\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u540e\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u8fd8\u88ab\u65b0\u51fd\u6570\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u95ed\u5305\u7528\u8d77\u6765\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u8d77\u6765\u53ef\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u7acb\u523b\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u76f4\u5230\u8c03\u7528\u4e86f()<\/code>\u624d\u6267\u884c<\/strong>\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u770b\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    def<\/strong> count<\/strong>():\n    fs = []\n    for<\/strong> i in<\/strong> range(1, 4):\n        def<\/strong> f<\/strong>():\n             return<\/strong> i*i\n        fs.append(f)\n    return<\/strong> fs\n\nf1, f2, f3 = count()\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u90fd\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u628a\u521b\u5efa\u76843\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u90fd\u8fd4\u56de\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8c03\u7528f1()<\/code>\uff0cf2()<\/code>\u548cf3()<\/code>\u7ed3\u679c\u5e94\u8be5\u662f1<\/code>\uff0c4<\/code>\uff0c9<\/code>\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> f1()\n9\n>>> f2()\n9\n>>> f3()\n9\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5168\u90e8\u90fd\u662f9<\/code>\uff01\u539f\u56e0\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u53d8\u91cfi<\/code>\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5e76\u975e\u7acb\u523b\u6267\u884c\u3002\u7b49\u52303\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u90fd\u8fd4\u56de\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u6240\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u53d8\u91cfi<\/code>\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d8\u6210\u4e863<\/code>\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6700\u7ec8\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3a9<\/code>\u3002 \u8fd4\u56de\u95ed\u5305\u65f6\u7262\u8bb0\u4e00\u70b9\uff1a\u8fd4\u56de\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u8981\u5f15\u7528\u4efb\u4f55\u5faa\u73af\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u540e\u7eed\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5982\u679c\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u5f15\u7528\u5faa\u73af\u53d8\u91cf\u600e\u4e48\u529e\uff1f\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u518d\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u7528\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5faa\u73af\u53d8\u91cf\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u503c\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u8be5\u5faa\u73af\u53d8\u91cf\u540e\u7eed\u5982\u4f55\u66f4\u6539\uff0c\u5df2\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230\u51fd\u6570\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u503c\u4e0d\u53d8\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    def<\/strong> count<\/strong>():\n    def<\/strong> f<\/strong>(j):\n        def<\/strong> g<\/strong>():\n            return<\/strong> j*j\n        return<\/strong> g\n    fs = []\n    for<\/strong> i in<\/strong> range(1, 4):\n        fs.append(f(i)) # f(i)\u7acb\u523b\u88ab\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64i\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u503c\u88ab\u4f20\u5165f()<\/em>\n    return<\/strong> fs\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u518d\u770b\u770b\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> f1, f2, f3 = count()\n>>> f1()\n1\n>>> f2()\n4\n>>> f3()\n9\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u7f3a\u70b9\u662f\u4ee3\u7801\u8f83\u957f\uff0c\u53ef\u5229\u7528lambda\u51fd\u6570\u7f29\u77ed\u4ee3\u7801<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    nonlocal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    \u4f7f\u7528\u95ed\u5305\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5185\u5c42\u51fd\u6570\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u5916\u5c42\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u5982\u679c\u53ea\u662f\u8bfb\u5916\u5c42\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u503c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u95ed\u5305\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u4e00\u5207\u6b63\u5e38\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    def inc():\n    x = 0\n    def fn():\n        # \u4ec5\u8bfb\u53d6x\u7684\u503c:\n        return x + 1\n    return fn\n\nf = inc()\nprint(f()) # 1\nprint(f()) # 1\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5bf9\u5916\u5c42\u53d8\u91cf\u8d4b\u503c\uff0c\u7531\u4e8ePython\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u4f1a\u628ax<\/code>\u5f53\u4f5c\u51fd\u6570fn()<\/code>\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u62a5\u9519\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    def inc():\n    x = 0\n    def fn():\n        # nonlocal x\n        x = x + 1\n        return x\n    return fn\n\nf = inc()\nprint(f()) # 1\nprint(f()) # 2\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u539f\u56e0\u662fx<\/code>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u521d\u59cb\u5316\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u8ba1\u7b97x+1<\/code>\u662f\u4e0d\u884c\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u60f3\u5f15\u7528inc()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u90e8\u7684x<\/code>\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u9700\u8981\u5728fn()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u90e8\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2anonlocal x<\/code>\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u3002\u52a0\u4e0a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u58f0\u660e\u540e\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u628afn()<\/code>\u7684x<\/code>\u770b\u4f5c\u5916\u5c42\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5b83\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u4e86\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6b63\u786e\u8ba1\u7b97x+1<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
     \u63d0\u793a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u4f7f\u7528\u95ed\u5305\u65f6\uff0c\u5bf9\u5916\u5c42\u53d8\u91cf\u8d4b\u503c\u524d\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5148\u4f7f\u7528nonlocal\u58f0\u660e\u8be5\u53d8\u91cf\u4e0d\u662f\u5f53\u524d\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u516b\u3001\u88c5\u9970\u5668Decorator<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \n\n\u7531\u4e8e\u51fd\u6570\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u51fd\u6570\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8d4b\u503c\u7ed9\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u53d8\u91cf\u4e5f\u80fd\u8c03\u7528\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    >>> def now():\n...     print('2024-6-1')\n...\n>>> f = now\n>>> f()\n2024-6-1\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u51fd\u6570\u5bf9\u8c61\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a__name__<\/code>\u5c5e\u6027\uff08\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u662f\u524d\u540e\u5404\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u62ff\u5230\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> now.__name__\n'now'\n>>> f.__name__\n'now'\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u5047\u8bbe\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u589e\u5f3anow()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u524d\u540e\u81ea\u52a8\u6253\u5370\u65e5\u5fd7\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u4e0d\u5e0c\u671b\u4fee\u6539now()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5728\u4ee3\u7801\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\u95f4\u52a8\u6001\u589e\u52a0\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u201d\uff08Decorator\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\uff0cdecorator\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fd4\u56de\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u9ad8\u9636\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u6253\u5370\u65e5\u5fd7\u7684decorator\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    def log(func):\n    def wrapper(*args, **kw):\n        print('call %s():' % func.__name__)\n        return func(*args, **kw)\n    return wrapper\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u89c2\u5bdf\u4e0a\u9762\u7684log<\/code>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2adecorator\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u501f\u52a9Python\u7684@\u8bed\u6cd5\uff0c\u628adecorator\u7f6e\u4e8e\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5904\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    @log\ndef now():\n    print('2024-6-1')\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u8c03\u7528now()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4f1a\u8fd0\u884cnow()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u8fd8\u4f1a\u5728\u8fd0\u884cnow()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u524d\u6253\u5370\u4e00\u884c\u65e5\u5fd7\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> now()\ncall now():\n2024-6-1\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u628a@log<\/code>\u653e\u5230now()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5904\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u6267\u884c\u4e86\u8bed\u53e5\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    now = log(now)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u7531\u4e8elog()<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2adecorator\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u539f\u6765\u7684now()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u73b0\u5728\u540c\u540d\u7684now<\/code>\u53d8\u91cf\u6307\u5411\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u8c03\u7528now()<\/code>\u5c06\u6267\u884c\u65b0\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5373\u5728log()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u4e2d\u8fd4\u56de\u7684wrapper()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    wrapper()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f(*args, **kw)<\/code>\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cwrapper()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u4efb\u610f\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u3002\u5728wrapper()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u5185\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u6253\u5370\u65e5\u5fd7\uff0c\u518d\u7d27\u63a5\u7740\u8c03\u7528\u539f\u59cb\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5982\u679cdecorator\u672c\u8eab\u9700\u8981\u4f20\u5165\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u7f16\u5199\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fd4\u56dedecorator\u7684\u9ad8\u9636\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5199\u51fa\u6765\u4f1a\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49log\u7684\u6587\u672c\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    def log(text):\n    def decorator(func):\n        def wrapper(*args, **kw):\n            print('%s %s():' % (text, func.__name__))\n            return func(*args, **kw)\n        return wrapper\n    return decorator\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u8fd9\u4e2a3\u5c42\u5d4c\u5957\u7684decorator\u7528\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    @log('execute')\ndef now():\n    print('2024-6-1')\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u6267\u884c\u7ed3\u679c\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> now()\nexecute now():\n2024-6-1\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u548c\u4e24\u5c42\u5d4c\u5957\u7684decorator\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c3\u5c42\u5d4c\u5957\u7684\u6548\u679c\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> now = log('execute')(now)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u6211\u4eec\u6765\u5256\u6790\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u6267\u884clog('execute')<\/code>\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u662fdecorator<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u518d\u8c03\u7528\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u53c2\u6570\u662fnow<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u6700\u7ec8\u662fwrapper<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e24\u79cddecorator\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd8\u5dee\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b65\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u8bb2\u4e86\u51fd\u6570\u4e5f\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5b83\u6709__name__<\/code>\u7b49\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u4f60\u53bb\u770b\u7ecf\u8fc7decorator\u88c5\u9970\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684__name__<\/code>\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ece\u539f\u6765\u7684'now'<\/code>\u53d8\u6210\u4e86'wrapper'<\/code>\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> now.__name__\n'wrapper'\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u90a3\u4e2awrapper()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u540d\u5b57\u5c31\u662f'wrapper'<\/code>\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u628a\u539f\u59cb\u51fd\u6570\u7684__name__<\/code>\u7b49\u5c5e\u6027\u590d\u5236\u5230wrapper()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u4e2d\uff0c\u5426\u5219\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4f9d\u8d56\u51fd\u6570\u7b7e\u540d\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u6267\u884c\u5c31\u4f1a\u51fa\u9519\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u7f16\u5199wrapper.__name__ = func.__name__<\/code>\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\uff0cPython\u5185\u7f6e\u7684functools.wraps<\/code>\u5c31\u662f\u5e72\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684decorator\u7684\u5199\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    import functools\n\ndef log(func):\n    @functools.wraps(func)\n    def wrapper(*args, **kw):\n        print('call %s():' % func.__name__)\n        return func(*args, **kw)\n    return wrapper\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u6216\u8005\u9488\u5bf9\u5e26\u53c2\u6570\u7684decorator\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    import functools\n\ndef log(text):\n    def decorator(func):\n        @functools.wraps(func)\n        def wrapper(*args, **kw):\n            print('%s %s():' % (text, func.__name__))\n            return func(*args, **kw)\n        return wrapper\n    return decorator\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    import functools<\/code>\u662f\u5bfc\u5165functools<\/code>\u6a21\u5757\u3002\u6a21\u5757\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u7a0d\u5019\u8bb2\u89e3\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8bb0\u4f4f\u5728\u5b9a\u4e49wrapper()<\/code>\u7684\u524d\u9762\u52a0\u4e0a@functools.wraps(func)<\/code>\u5373\u53ef<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u4e5d\u3001<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
    mylist=[“a”,”b”,”c”,”a”,”b”]      #\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u5217\u8868<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    print(mylist.index(“c”,0,4))      #\u67e5\u627e\u6307\u5b9a\u5217\u8868\u4e0b\u6807\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u5143\u7d20”c”\uff0c\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u627e\u5230\u5bf9\u5e94\u6570\u636e\u7684\u4e0b\u6807\uff0c\u8303\u56f4\u533a\u95f4\u662f\u5de6\u95ed\u53f3\u5f00<\/strong>\u30100\uff0c4\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5305\u542b0\u4f46\u4e0d\u5305\u542b4\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u6b64\u5904\u663e\u793a\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3a  2<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    tup1=(“aa”,”bb”,22,”dd”,”ee”,”ff”)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    print(tup1[1:4])              #  \u5bf9\u5143\u7ec4\u8fdb\u884c\u5207\u7247\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5de6\u95ed\u53f3\u5f00,\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3a(“bb”,22,”dd”)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u4e00\u4e2a0-99\u7684\u6570\u5217<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u524d10\u4e2a\u6570\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e24\u4e2a\u53d6\u4e00\u4e2a\uff1a\n>>> L[:10:2]\n[0, 2, 4, 6, 8]\n\u540e10\u4e2a\u6570\n>>> L[-10:]\n[90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99]\n\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5341\u3001<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
    continue<\/code>\u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u8df3\u8fc7\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u8fd9\u6b21\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u5f00\u59cb\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b21\u5faa\u73af\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    break<\/code>\u8bed\u53e5\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u524d\u9000\u51fa\u5f53\u524d\u5faa\u73af\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5341\u4e00\u3001\u5b57\u5178<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
    #\u7528\u5927\u62ec\u53f7\u5b9a\u4e49\u5b57\u5178\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u591a\u4e2a\u952e-\u503c(key:value)\u5bf9\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3amap\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    info={“name”:”\u5218\u5fb7\u534e”,”age”:56,”sex”:”man”}    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    #\u7528\u4e2d\u62ec\u53f7\u91cc\u5199KEY\u503c\u8fdb\u884c\u5b57\u5178\u7684value\u503c\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee,\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3a\u201c\u5218\u5fb7\u534e\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    print(info[“name”])<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    #\u5982\u679c\u7528print(info[“gender”])\u76f4\u63a5\u67e5\u627e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u952e\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4f1a\u62a5\u9519\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0bget\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u67e5\u627e\uff0c\u540e\u9762\u7684”m”\u4e3a\u6ca1\u627e\u5230\u94fe\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6210\u7684\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    print(info.get(“gender”,”m”))<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    #\u5220\u9664\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u952e-\u503c(key:value)\u5bf9\uff0c\u4e0d\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u7528del,\u4e0b\u9762\u628a “name”:”\u5218\u5fb7\u534e”  \u8fd9\u4e2a\u952e-\u503c(key:value)\u5bf9\u5220\u9664<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    del info[“name”]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    dict\u5185\u90e8\u5b58\u653e\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u548ckey\u653e\u5165\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u6b63\u786e\u4f7f\u7528dict\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u7262\u8bb0\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\u5c31\u662fdict\u7684key\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    set\u548cdict\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u7ec4key\u7684\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5b58\u50a8value\u3002\u7531\u4e8ekey\u4e0d\u80fd\u91cd\u590d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5728set\u4e2d\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u91cd\u590d\u7684key\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u8981\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2aset\uff0c\u7528{x,y,z,...}<\/code>\u5217\u51fa\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> s = {1, 2, 3}\n>>> s\n{1, 2, 3}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u6216\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2alist\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8f93\u5165\u96c6\u5408\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> s = set([1, 2, 3])\n>>> s\n{1, 2, 3}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u4f20\u5165\u7684\u53c2\u6570[1, 2, 3]<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2alist\uff0c\u800c\u663e\u793a\u7684{1, 2, 3}<\/code>\u53ea\u662f\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60\u8fd9\u4e2aset\u5185\u90e8\u67091\uff0c2\uff0c3\u8fd93\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8868\u793aset\u662f\u6709\u5e8f\u7684\u3002\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u91cd\u590d\u5143\u7d20\u5728set\u4e2d\u81ea\u52a8\u88ab\u8fc7\u6ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> s = {1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3}\n>>> s\n{1, 2, 3}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u901a\u8fc7add(key)<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u6dfb\u52a0\u5143\u7d20\u5230set\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u91cd\u590d\u6dfb\u52a0\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u6548\u679c\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> s.add(4)\n>>> s\n{1, 2, 3, 4}\n>>> s.add(4)\n>>> s\n{1, 2, 3, 4}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u901a\u8fc7remove(key)<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5220\u9664\u5143\u7d20\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> s.remove(4)\n>>> s\n{1, 2, 3}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    set\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u6210\u6570\u5b66\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u65e0\u5e8f\u548c\u65e0\u91cd\u590d\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2aset\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u6570\u5b66\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u4ea4\u96c6\u3001\u5e76\u96c6\u7b49\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> s1 = {1, 2, 3}\n>>> s2 = {2, 3, 4}\n>>> s1 & s2\n{2, 3}\n>>> s1 | s2\n{1, 2, 3, 4}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    set\u548cdict\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u533a\u522b\u4ec5\u5728\u4e8e\u6ca1\u6709\u5b58\u50a8\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684value\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0cset\u7684\u539f\u7406\u548cdict\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u653e\u5165\u53ef\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u65e0\u6cd5\u5224\u65ad\u4e24\u4e2a\u53ef\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u5426\u76f8\u7b49\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u4fdd\u8bc1set\u5185\u90e8\u201c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u91cd\u590d\u5143\u7d20\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5341\u4e8c\u3001<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5217\u8868\u751f\u6210\u5f0f\u5373List Comprehensions\uff0c\u662fPython\u5185\u7f6e\u7684\u975e\u5e38\u7b80\u5355\u5374\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u521b\u5efalist\u7684\u751f\u6210\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u8981\u751f\u6210list [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]<\/code>\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528list(range(1, 11))<\/code>\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> list(range(1, 11))\n[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u4f46\u5982\u679c\u8981\u751f\u6210[1x1, 2x2, 3x3, ..., 10x10]<\/code>\u600e\u4e48\u505a\uff1f\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e00\u662f\u5faa\u73af\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> L = []\n>>> for x in range(1, 11):\n...    L.append(x * x)\n...\n>>> L\n[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u4f46\u662f\u5faa\u73af\u592a\u7e41\u7410\uff0c\u800c\u5217\u8868\u751f\u6210\u5f0f\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e00\u884c\u8bed\u53e5\u4ee3\u66ff\u5faa\u73af\u751f\u6210\u4e0a\u9762\u7684list\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> [x * x for x in range(1, 11)]\n[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5199\u5217\u8868\u751f\u6210\u5f0f\u65f6\uff0c\u628a\u8981\u751f\u6210\u7684\u5143\u7d20x * x<\/code>\u653e\u5230\u524d\u9762\uff0c\u540e\u9762\u8ddffor<\/code>\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u628alist\u521b\u5efa\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5341\u5206\u6709\u7528\uff0c\u591a\u5199\u51e0\u6b21\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u719f\u6089\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bed\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    for\u5faa\u73af\u540e\u9762\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a0\u4e0aif\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b5b\u9009\u51fa\u4ec5\u5076\u6570\u7684\u5e73\u65b9\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> [x * x for x in range(1, 11) if x % 2 == 0]\n[4, 16, 36, 64, 100]\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4e24\u5c42\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u751f\u6210\u5168\u6392\u5217\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> [m + n for m in 'ABC' for n in 'XYZ']\n['AX', 'AY', 'AZ', 'BX', 'BY', 'BZ', 'CX', 'CY', 'CZ']\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u4e09\u5c42\u548c\u4e09\u5c42\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u5faa\u73af\u5c31\u5f88\u5c11\u7528\u5230\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u8fd0\u7528\u5217\u8868\u751f\u6210\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5199\u51fa\u975e\u5e38\u7b80\u6d01\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5217\u51fa\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55\u540d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u884c\u4ee3\u7801\u5b9e\u73b0\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> import os # \u5bfc\u5165os\u6a21\u5757\uff0c\u6a21\u5757\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u540e\u9762\u8bb2\u5230\n>>> [d for d in os.listdir('.')] # os.listdir\u53ef\u4ee5\u5217\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u76ee\u5f55<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5341\u4e09<\/strong>  \u751f\u6210\u5668<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u6458\u81eahttps:\/\/liaoxuefeng.com\/books\/python\/advanced\/generator\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u901a\u8fc7\u5217\u8868\u751f\u6210\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u5185\u5b58\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5217\u8868\u5bb9\u91cf\u80af\u5b9a\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b100\u4e07\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5360\u7528\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u4ec5\u4ec5\u9700\u8981\u8bbf\u95ee\u524d\u9762\u51e0\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u90a3\u540e\u9762\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5143\u7d20\u5360\u7528\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u90fd\u767d\u767d\u6d6a\u8d39\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5217\u8868\u5143\u7d20\u53ef\u4ee5\u6309\u7167\u67d0\u79cd\u7b97\u6cd5\u63a8\u7b97\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u90a3\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5faa\u73af\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u65ad\u63a8\u7b97\u51fa\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u5462\uff1f\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u4e0d\u5fc5\u521b\u5efa\u5b8c\u6574\u7684list\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8282\u7701\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u5728Python\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e00\u8fb9\u5faa\u73af\u4e00\u8fb9\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u751f\u6210\u5668\uff1agenerator\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u8981\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2agenerator\uff0c\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u628a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\u751f\u6210\u5f0f\u7684[]<\/code>\u6539\u6210()<\/code>\uff0c\u5c31\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2agenerator\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> L = [x * x for x in range(10)]\n>>> L\n[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]\n>>> g = (x * x for x in range(10))\n>>> g\n<generator object <genexpr> at 0x1022ef630>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u521b\u5efaL<\/code>\u548cg<\/code>\u7684\u533a\u522b\u4ec5\u5728\u4e8e\u6700\u5916\u5c42\u7684[]<\/code>\u548c()<\/code>\uff0cL<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2alist\uff0c\u800cg<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2agenerator\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u6253\u5370\u51falist\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u600e\u4e48\u6253\u5370\u51fagenerator\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5982\u679c\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6253\u5370\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7next()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u83b7\u5f97generator\u7684\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> next(g)\n0\n>>> next(g)\n1\n>>> next(g)\n4\n>>> next(g)\n9\n>>> next(g)\n16\n>>> next(g)\n25\n>>> next(g)\n36\n>>> next(g)\n49\n>>> next(g)\n64\n>>> next(g)\n81\n>>> next(g)\nTraceback (most recent call last):\n  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\nStopIteration\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u6211\u4eec\u8bb2\u8fc7\uff0cgenerator\u4fdd\u5b58\u7684\u662f\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u8c03\u7528next(g)<\/code>\uff0c\u5c31\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fag<\/code>\u7684\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u503c\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u8ba1\u7b97\u5230\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u65f6\uff0c\u629b\u51faStopIteration<\/code>\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u65ad\u8c03\u7528next(g)<\/code>\u5b9e\u5728\u662f\u592a\u53d8\u6001\u4e86\uff0c\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u4f7f\u7528for<\/code>\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3agenerator\u4e5f\u662f\u53ef\u8fed\u4ee3\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> g = (x * x for x in range(10))\n>>> for n in g:\n...     print(n)\n... \n0\n1\n4\n9\n16\n25\n36\n49\n64\n81\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2agenerator\u540e\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8c03\u7528next()<\/code>\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7for<\/code>\u5faa\u73af\u6765\u8fed\u4ee3\u5b83\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5173\u5fc3StopIteration<\/code>\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    generator\u975e\u5e38\u5f3a\u5927\u3002\u5982\u679c\u63a8\u7b97\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u6bd4\u8f83\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u7528\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5217\u8868\u751f\u6210\u5f0f\u7684for<\/code>\u5faa\u73af\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6590\u6ce2\u62c9\u5951\u6570\u5217\uff08Fibonacci\uff09\uff0c\u9664\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u6570\u5916\uff0c\u4efb\u610f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u90fd\u53ef\u7531\u524d\u4e24\u4e2a\u6570\u76f8\u52a0\u5f97\u5230\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, …<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u6590\u6ce2\u62c9\u5951\u6570\u5217\u7528\u5217\u8868\u751f\u6210\u5f0f\u5199\u4e0d\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u628a\u5b83\u6253\u5370\u51fa\u6765\u5374\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    def fib(max):\n    n, a, b = 0, 0, 1\n    while n < max:\n        print(b)\n        a, b = b, a + b\n        n = n + 1\n    return 'done'\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u6ce8\u610f<\/em>\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d4b\u503c\u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u5206\u7b49\u53f7\u7684\u4e24\u8fb9\u5206\u5f00\u6765\u770b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    a, b = b, a + b\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    t = (b, a + b) # t\u662f\u4e00\u4e2atuple\na = t[0]\nb = t[1]\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u4f46\u4e0d\u5fc5\u663e\u5f0f\u5199\u51fa\u4e34\u65f6\u53d8\u91cft\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d4b\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f93\u51fa\u6590\u6ce2\u90a3\u5951\u6570\u5217\u7684\u524dN\u4e2a\u6570\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> fib(6)\n1\n1\n2\n3\n5\n8\n'done'\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u4ed4\u7ec6\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0cfib<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u6590\u6ce2\u62c9\u5951\u6570\u5217\u7684\u63a8\u7b97\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u63a8\u7b97\u51fa\u540e\u7eed\u4efb\u610f\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u903b\u8f91\u5176\u5b9e\u975e\u5e38\u7c7b\u4f3cgenerator\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u548cgenerator\u4ec5\u4e00\u6b65\u4e4b\u9065\u3002\u8981\u628afib<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u53d8\u6210generator\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u628aprint(b)<\/code>\u6539\u4e3ayield b<\/code>\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e86\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    def fib(max):\n    n, a, b = 0, 0, 1\n    while n < max:\n        yield b\n        a, b = b, a + b\n        n = n + 1\n    return 'done'\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u5b9a\u4e49generator\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e2d\u5305\u542byield<\/code>\u5173\u952e\u5b57\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u901a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2agenerator\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u4e00\u4e2agenerator\u51fd\u6570\u5c06\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2agenerator\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> f = fib(6)\n>>> f\n<generator object fib at 0x104feaaa0>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6700\u96be\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u5c31\u662fgenerator\u51fd\u6570\u548c\u666e\u901a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u6267\u884c\u6d41\u7a0b\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u666e\u901a\u51fd\u6570\u662f\u987a\u5e8f\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u9047\u5230return<\/code>\u8bed\u53e5\u6216\u8005\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u884c\u51fd\u6570\u8bed\u53e5\u5c31\u8fd4\u56de\u3002\u800c\u53d8\u6210generator\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5728\u6bcf\u6b21\u8c03\u7528next()<\/code>\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u9047\u5230yield<\/code>\u8bed\u53e5\u8fd4\u56de\uff0c\u518d\u6b21\u6267\u884c\u65f6\u4ece\u4e0a\u6b21\u8fd4\u56de\u7684yield<\/code>\u8bed\u53e5\u5904\u7ee7\u7eed\u6267\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u4e3e\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2agenerator\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4f9d\u6b21\u8fd4\u56de\u6570\u5b571\uff0c3\uff0c5\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    def odd():\n    print('step 1')\n    yield 1\n    print('step 2')\n    yield(3)\n    print('step 3')\n    yield(5)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u8c03\u7528\u8be5generator\u51fd\u6570\u65f6\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u8981\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2agenerator\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7528next()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u65ad\u83b7\u5f97\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> o = odd()\n>>> next(o)\nstep 1\n1\n>>> next(o)\nstep 2\n3\n>>> next(o)\nstep 3\n5\n>>> next(o)\nTraceback (most recent call last):\n  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\nStopIteration\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff0codd<\/code>\u4e0d\u662f\u666e\u901a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u800c\u662fgenerator\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5728\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u9047\u5230yield<\/code>\u5c31\u4e2d\u65ad\uff0c\u4e0b\u6b21\u53c8\u7ee7\u7eed\u6267\u884c\u3002\u6267\u884c3\u6b21yield<\/code>\u540e\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u6ca1\u6709yield<\/code>\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u4e86\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u7b2c4\u6b21\u8c03\u7528next(o)<\/code>\u5c31\u62a5\u9519\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u8bf7\u52a1\u5fc5\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u8c03\u7528generator\u51fd\u6570\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2agenerator\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u591a\u6b21\u8c03\u7528generator\u51fd\u6570\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u591a\u4e2a\u76f8\u4e92\u72ec\u7acb\u7684generator\u3002\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u6709\u7684\u7ae5\u978b\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd9\u6837\u8c03\u7528next()<\/code>\u6bcf\u6b21\u90fd\u8fd4\u56de1\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> next(odd())\nstep 1\n1\n>>> next(odd())\nstep 1\n1\n>>> next(odd())\nstep 1\n1\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8eodd()<\/code>\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684generator\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4ee3\u7801\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u521b\u5efa\u4e863\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u72ec\u7acb\u7684generator\uff0c\u5bf93\u4e2agenerator\u5206\u522b\u8c03\u7528next()<\/code>\u5f53\u7136\u6bcf\u4e2a\u90fd\u4f1a\u8fd4\u56de\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5199\u6cd5\u662f\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2agenerator\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4e0d\u65ad\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e2agenerator\u5bf9\u8c61\u8c03\u7528next()<\/code>\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> g = odd()\n>>> next(g)\nstep 1\n1\n>>> next(g)\nstep 2\n3\n>>> next(g)\nstep 3\n5\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u56de\u5230fib<\/code>\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u5faa\u73af\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u65ad\u8c03\u7528yield<\/code>\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u4e0d\u65ad\u4e2d\u65ad\u3002\u5f53\u7136\u8981\u7ed9\u5faa\u73af\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\u6765\u9000\u51fa\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u4e0d\u7136\u5c31\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e0\u9650\u6570\u5217\u51fa\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u540c\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u628a\u51fd\u6570\u6539\u6210generator\u51fd\u6570\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u4ece\u6765\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7528next()<\/code>\u6765\u83b7\u53d6\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528for<\/code>\u5faa\u73af\u6765\u8fed\u4ee3\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> for n in fib(6):\n...     print(n)\n...\n1\n1\n2\n3\n5\n8<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5341\u56db<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u628a\u51fd\u6570\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\u4f20\u5165\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u79f0\u4e3a\u9ad8\u9636\u51fd\u6570<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Python\u5185\u5efa\u4e86map()<\/code>\u548creduce()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u8bfb\u8fc7Google\u7684\u90a3\u7bc7\u5927\u540d\u9f0e\u9f0e\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u201cMapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters<\/a>\u201d\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u80fd\u5927\u6982\u660e\u767dmap\/reduce\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u6211\u4eec\u5148\u770bmap\u3002map()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u63a5\u6536\u4e24\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662fIterable<\/code>\uff0cmap<\/code>\u5c06\u4f20\u5165\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u4f9d\u6b21\u4f5c\u7528\u5230\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u7ed3\u679c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u65b0\u7684Iterator<\/code>\u8fd4\u56de\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u4e3e\u4f8b\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570f(x)=x2<\/sup>\uff0c\u8981\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u4f5c\u7528\u5728\u4e00\u4e2alist [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]<\/code>\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528map()<\/code>\u5b9e\u73b0\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                f(x) = x * x\n\n                  \u2502\n                  \u2502\n  \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510\n  \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502\n  \u25bc   \u25bc   \u25bc   \u25bc   \u25bc   \u25bc   \u25bc   \u25bc   \u25bc\n\n[ 1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9 ]\n\n  \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502\n  \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502   \u2502\n  \u25bc   \u25bc   \u25bc   \u25bc   \u25bc   \u25bc   \u25bc   \u25bc   \u25bc\n\n[ 1   4   9  16  25  36  49  64  81 ]\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7528Python\u4ee3\u7801\u5b9e\u73b0\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> def f(x):\n...     return x * x\n...\n>>> r = map(f, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])\n>>> list(r)\n[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    map()<\/code>\u4f20\u5165\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u662ff<\/code>\uff0c\u5373\u51fd\u6570\u5bf9\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u7ed3\u679cr<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2aIterator<\/code>\uff0cIterator<\/code>\u662f\u60f0\u6027\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u901a\u8fc7list()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u8ba9\u5b83\u628a\u6574\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\u90fd\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u6765\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2alist\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u60f3\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981map()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5199\u4e00\u4e2a\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    L = []\nfor n in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]:\n    L.append(f(n))\nprint(L)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u7684\u786e\u53ef\u4ee5\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4ece\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u5faa\u73af\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u80fd\u4e00\u773c\u770b\u660e\u767d\u201c\u628af(x)\u4f5c\u7528\u5728list\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u5e76\u628a\u7ed3\u679c\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684list\u201d\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u6240\u4ee5\uff0cmap()<\/code>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9ad8\u9636\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u5b83\u628a\u8fd0\u7b97\u89c4\u5219\u62bd\u8c61\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba1\u7b97\u7b80\u5355\u7684f(x)=x2<\/sup>\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba1\u7b97\u4efb\u610f\u590d\u6742\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2alist\u6240\u6709\u6570\u5b57\u8f6c\u4e3a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> list(map(str, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]))\n['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9']\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u53ea\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u884c\u4ee3\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u518d\u770breduce<\/code>\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u3002reduce<\/code>\u628a\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u4f5c\u7528\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217[x1, x2, x3, ...]<\/code>\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u5fc5\u987b\u63a5\u6536\u4e24\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\uff0creduce<\/code>\u628a\u7ed3\u679c\u7ee7\u7eed\u548c\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u505a\u7d2f\u79ef\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u5176\u6548\u679c\u5c31\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    reduce(f, [x1, x2, x3, x4]) = f(f(f(x1, x2), x3), x4)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u6bd4\u65b9\u8bf4\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\u6c42\u548c\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528reduce<\/code>\u5b9e\u73b0\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> from functools import reduce\n>>> def add(x, y):\n...     return x + y\n...\n>>> reduce(add, [1, 3, 5, 7, 9])\n25\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5341\u4e94   \u533f\u540d\u51fd\u6570lambda<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4f20\u5165\u51fd\u6570\u65f6\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u663e\u5f0f\u5730\u5b9a\u4e49\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u4f20\u5165\u533f\u540d\u51fd\u6570\u66f4\u65b9\u4fbf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5728Python\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u533f\u540d\u51fd\u6570\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6709\u9650\u652f\u6301\u3002\u8fd8\u662f\u4ee5map()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97f(x)=x2<\/sup>\u65f6\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2af(x)<\/code>\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u4f20\u5165\u533f\u540d\u51fd\u6570\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> list(map(lambda x: x * x, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]))\n[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u6bd4\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u533f\u540d\u51fd\u6570lambda x: x * x<\/code>\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    def f(x):\n    return x * x\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5173\u952e\u5b57lambda<\/code>\u8868\u793a\u533f\u540d\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5192\u53f7\u524d\u9762\u7684x<\/code>\u8868\u793a\u51fd\u6570\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u533f\u540d\u51fd\u6570\u6709\u4e2a\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u53ea\u80fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e0d\u7528\u5199return<\/code>\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u5c31\u662f\u8be5\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u7528\u533f\u540d\u51fd\u6570\u6709\u4e2a\u597d\u5904\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u51fd\u6570\u6ca1\u6709\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u62c5\u5fc3\u51fd\u6570\u540d\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u533f\u540d\u51fd\u6570\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u533f\u540d\u51fd\u6570\u8d4b\u503c\u7ed9\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u518d\u5229\u7528\u53d8\u91cf\u6765\u8c03\u7528\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> f = lambda x: x * x\n>>> f\n<function <lambda> at 0x101c6ef28>\n>>> f(5)\n25\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u540c\u6837\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u533f\u540d\u51fd\u6570\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u8fd4\u56de\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    def build(x, y):\n    return lambda: x * x + y * y\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5341\u516d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u9762\u90fd\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a__init__.py<\/code>\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u5426\u5219\uff0cPython\u5c31\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u5f53\u6210\u666e\u901a\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u522b\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5f15\u7528\u3002__init__.py<\/code>\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u7a7a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709Python\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a__init__.py<\/code>\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757\uff0c\u800c\u5b83\u7684\u6a21\u5757\u540d\u5c31\u662f\u76ee\u5f55\u540d<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5341\u4e03<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5728\u7c7b\u4e2d\uff0c__init__<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u6c38\u8fdc\u662fself<\/code>\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728__init__<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u5185\u90e8\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u5404\u79cd\u5c5e\u6027\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230self<\/code>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3aself<\/code>\u5c31\u6307\u5411\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u6709\u4e86__init__<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5728\u521b\u5efa\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f20\u5165\u7a7a\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u4e86\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4f20\u5165\u4e0e__init__<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u5339\u914d\u7684\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u4f46self<\/code>\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4f20\uff0cPython\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u81ea\u5df1\u4f1a\u628a\u5b9e\u4f8b\u53d8\u91cf\u4f20\u8fdb\u53bb\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u548c\u666e\u901a\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5728\u7c7b\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u6c38\u8fdc\u662f\u5b9e\u4f8b\u53d8\u91cfself<\/code>\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u7528\u4f20\u9012\u8be5\u53c2\u6570\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u7c7b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u666e\u901a\u51fd\u6570\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u533a\u522b\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5341\u516b \u591a\u6001<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u8981\u7406\u89e3\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u591a\u6001\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u8981\u5bf9\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u518d\u4f5c\u4e00\u70b9\u8bf4\u660e\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2aclass\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5c31\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u548cPython\u81ea\u5e26\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982str\u3001list\u3001dict\u6ca1\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e24\u6837\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    a = list() # a\u662flist\u7c7b\u578b\nb = Animal() # b\u662fAnimal\u7c7b\u578b\nc = Dog() # c\u662fDog\u7c7b\u578b\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5224\u65ad\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u662f\u5426\u662f\u67d0\u4e2a\u7c7b\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528isinstance()<\/code>\u5224\u65ad\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> isinstance(a, list)\nTrue\n>>> isinstance(b, Animal)\nTrue\n>>> isinstance(c, Dog)\nTrue\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u770b\u6765a<\/code>\u3001b<\/code>\u3001c<\/code>\u786e\u5b9e\u5bf9\u5e94\u7740list<\/code>\u3001Animal<\/code>\u3001Dog<\/code>\u8fd93\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u4f46\u662f\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u8bd5\u8bd5\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> isinstance(c, Animal)\nTrue\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u770b\u6765c<\/code>\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662fDog<\/code>\uff0cc<\/code>\u8fd8\u662fAnimal<\/code>\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u4e0d\u8fc7\u4ed4\u7ec6\u60f3\u60f3\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6709\u9053\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3aDog<\/code>\u662f\u4eceAnimal<\/code>\u7ee7\u627f\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2aDog<\/code>\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8bc<\/code>\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3ac<\/code>\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u662fDog<\/code>\u6ca1\u9519\uff0c\u4f46c<\/code>\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662fAnimal<\/code>\u4e5f\u6ca1\u9519\uff0cDog<\/code>\u672c\u6765\u5c31\u662fAnimal<\/code>\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5728\u7ee7\u627f\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u67d0\u4e2a\u5b50\u7c7b\uff0c\u90a3\u5b83\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u770b\u505a\u662f\u7236\u7c7b\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u5c31\u4e0d\u884c\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> b = Animal()\n>>> isinstance(b, Dog)\nFalse\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    Dog<\/code>\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u6210Animal<\/code>\uff0c\u4f46Animal<\/code>\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u6210Dog<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u8981\u7406\u89e3\u591a\u6001\u7684\u597d\u5904\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u518d\u7f16\u5199\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u4e2aAnimal<\/code>\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    def run_twice(animal):\n    animal.run()\n    animal.run()\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u4f20\u5165Animal<\/code>\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u65f6\uff0crun_twice()<\/code>\u5c31\u6253\u5370\u51fa\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> run_twice(Animal())\nAnimal is running...\nAnimal is running...\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u4f20\u5165Dog<\/code>\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u65f6\uff0crun_twice()<\/code>\u5c31\u6253\u5370\u51fa\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> run_twice(Dog())\nDog is running...\nDog is running...\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u4f20\u5165Cat<\/code>\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u65f6\uff0crun_twice()<\/code>\u5c31\u6253\u5370\u51fa\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> run_twice(Cat())\nCat is running...\nCat is running...\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u6ca1\u5565\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed4\u7ec6\u60f3\u60f3\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u518d\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2aTortoise<\/code>\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4e5f\u4eceAnimal<\/code>\u6d3e\u751f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    class Tortoise(Animal):\n    def run(self):\n        print('Tortoise is running slowly...')\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8c03\u7528run_twice()<\/code>\u65f6\uff0c\u4f20\u5165Tortoise<\/code>\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> run_twice(Tortoise())\nTortoise is running slowly...\nTortoise is running slowly...\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u4f60\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u65b0\u589e\u4e00\u4e2aAnimal<\/code>\u7684\u5b50\u7c7b\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u5bf9run_twice()<\/code>\u505a\u4efb\u4f55\u4fee\u6539\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4f9d\u8d56Animal<\/code>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u6216\u8005\u65b9\u6cd5\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u52a0\u4fee\u6539\u5730\u6b63\u5e38\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\u591a\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u591a\u6001\u7684\u597d\u5904\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u4f20\u5165Dog<\/code>\u3001Cat<\/code>\u3001Tortoise<\/code>\u2026\u2026\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u63a5\u6536Animal<\/code>\u7c7b\u578b\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3aDog<\/code>\u3001Cat<\/code>\u3001Tortoise<\/code>\u2026\u2026\u90fd\u662fAnimal<\/code>\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u6309\u7167Animal<\/code>\u7c7b\u578b\u8fdb\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\u5373\u53ef\u3002\u7531\u4e8eAnimal<\/code>\u7c7b\u578b\u6709run()<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f20\u5165\u7684\u4efb\u610f\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u662fAnimal<\/code>\u7c7b\u6216\u8005\u5b50\u7c7b\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u8c03\u7528\u5b9e\u9645\u7c7b\u578b\u7684run()<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u591a\u6001\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\u662fAnimal<\/code>\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u65e0\u9700\u786e\u5207\u5730\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\u7684\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u653e\u5fc3\u5730\u8c03\u7528run()<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u5177\u4f53\u8c03\u7528\u7684run()<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u4f5c\u7528\u5728Animal<\/code>\u3001Dog<\/code>\u3001Cat<\/code>\u8fd8\u662fTortoise<\/code>\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0a\uff0c\u7531\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u8be5\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u786e\u5207\u7c7b\u578b\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u591a\u6001\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5a01\u529b\uff1a\u8c03\u7528\u65b9\u53ea\u7ba1\u8c03\u7528\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u800c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u65b0\u589e\u4e00\u79cdAnimal<\/code>\u7684\u5b50\u7c7b\u65f6\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u786e\u4fddrun()<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u7f16\u5199\u6b63\u786e\uff0c\u4e0d\u7528\u7ba1\u539f\u6765\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u8457\u540d\u7684\u201c\u5f00\u95ed\u201d\u539f\u5219\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5bf9\u6269\u5c55\u5f00\u653e\uff1a\u5141\u8bb8\u65b0\u589eAnimal<\/code>\u5b50\u7c7b\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5bf9\u4fee\u6539\u5c01\u95ed\uff1a\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4fee\u6539\u4f9d\u8d56Animal<\/code>\u7c7b\u578b\u7684run_twice()<\/code>\u7b49\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u7ee7\u627f\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u7ea7\u4e00\u7ea7\u5730\u7ee7\u627f\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u5c31\u597d\u6bd4\u4ece\u7237\u7237\u5230\u7238\u7238\u3001\u518d\u5230\u513f\u5b50\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u800c\u4efb\u4f55\u7c7b\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u6839\u7c7bobject\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ee7\u627f\u5173\u7cfb\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u9897\u5012\u7740\u7684\u6811\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u5982\u4e0b\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u6811\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510\n                \u2502    object     \u2502\n                \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518\n                        \u2502\n           \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510\n           \u2502                         \u2502\n           \u25bc                         \u25bc\n    \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510           \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510\n    \u2502   Animal    \u2502           \u2502    Plant    \u2502\n    \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518           \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518\n           \u2502                         \u2502\n     \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510            \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510\n     \u2502            \u2502            \u2502            \u2502\n     \u25bc            \u25bc            \u25bc            \u25bc\n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510  \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510  \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510  \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510\n\u2502   Dog   \u2502  \u2502   Cat   \u2502  \u2502  Tree   \u2502  \u2502 Flower  \u2502\n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518  \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518  \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518  \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u9759\u6001\u8bed\u8a00 vs \u52a8\u6001\u8bed\u8a00<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    \u5bf9\u4e8e\u9759\u6001\u8bed\u8a00\uff08\u4f8b\u5982Java\uff09\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u4f20\u5165Animal<\/code>\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5219\u4f20\u5165\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u5fc5\u987b\u662fAnimal<\/code>\u7c7b\u578b\u6216\u8005\u5b83\u7684\u5b50\u7c7b\uff0c\u5426\u5219\uff0c\u5c06\u65e0\u6cd5\u8c03\u7528run()<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5bf9\u4e8ePython\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u8bed\u8a00\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5219\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u9700\u8981\u4f20\u5165Animal<\/code>\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4f20\u5165\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u6709\u4e00\u4e2arun()<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e86\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    class Timer(object):\n    def run(self):\n        print('Start...')\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u52a8\u6001\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u201c\u9e2d\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ea\u8981\u201c\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u50cf\u9e2d\u5b50\uff0c\u8d70\u8d77\u8def\u6765\u50cf\u9e2d\u5b50\u201d\uff0c\u90a3\u5b83\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u770b\u505a\u662f\u9e2d\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Python\u7684\u201cfile-like object\u201c\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9e2d\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u5bf9\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5b83\u6709\u4e00\u4e2aread()<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6709read()<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u90fd\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u201cfile-like object\u201c\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u51fd\u6570\u63a5\u6536\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u5c31\u662f\u201cfile-like object\u201c\uff0c\u4f60\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u4f20\u5165\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f20\u5165\u4efb\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86read()<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u7ee7\u627f\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u529f\u80fd\u90fd\u76f4\u63a5\u62ff\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u4e0d\u5fc5\u91cd\u96f6\u505a\u8d77\uff0c\u5b50\u7c7b\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u65b0\u589e\u81ea\u5df1\u7279\u6709\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u7236\u7c7b\u4e0d\u9002\u5408\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8986\u76d6\u91cd\u5199\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u52a8\u6001\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u9e2d\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b\u7279\u70b9\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u7ee7\u627f\u4e0d\u50cf\u9759\u6001\u8bed\u8a00\u90a3\u6837\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u7684<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5341\u4e5d  \u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u7c7b\u5c5e\u6027<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u7531\u4e8ePython\u662f\u52a8\u6001\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u7c7b\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u53ef\u4ee5\u4efb\u610f\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u7ed9\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9e\u4f8b\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u901a\u8fc7self<\/code>\u53d8\u91cf\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    class Student(object):\n    def __init__(self, name):\n        self.name = name\n\ns = Student('Bob')\ns.score = 90\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679cStudent<\/code>\u7c7b\u672c\u8eab\u9700\u8981\u7ed1\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\u5462\uff1f\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u5728class\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c5e\u6027\u662f\u7c7b\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5f52Student<\/code>\u7c7b\u6240\u6709\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    class Student(object):\n    name = 'Student'\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u5c5e\u6027\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\u867d\u7136\u5f52\u7c7b\u6240\u6709\uff0c\u4f46\u7c7b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5b9e\u4f8b\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95ee\u5230\u3002\u6765\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e00\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> class Student(object):\n...     name = 'Student'\n...\n>>> s = Student() # \u521b\u5efa\u5b9e\u4f8bs\n>>> print(s.name) # \u6253\u5370name\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709name\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4f1a\u7ee7\u7eed\u67e5\u627eclass\u7684name\u5c5e\u6027\nStudent\n>>> print(Student.name) # \u6253\u5370\u7c7b\u7684name\u5c5e\u6027\nStudent\n>>> s.name = 'Michael' # \u7ed9\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7ed1\u5b9aname\u5c5e\u6027\n>>> print(s.name) # \u7531\u4e8e\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u6bd4\u7c7b\u5c5e\u6027\u9ad8\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u5c4f\u853d\u6389\u7c7b\u7684name\u5c5e\u6027\nMichael\n>>> print(Student.name) # \u4f46\u662f\u7c7b\u5c5e\u6027\u5e76\u672a\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u7528Student.name\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95ee\nStudent\n>>> del s.name # \u5982\u679c\u5220\u9664\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7684name\u5c5e\u6027\n>>> print(s.name) # \u518d\u6b21\u8c03\u7528s.name\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7684name\u5c5e\u6027\u6ca1\u6709\u627e\u5230\uff0c\u7c7b\u7684name\u5c5e\u6027\u5c31\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u6765\u4e86\nStudent\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u4ece\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u7f16\u5199\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5343\u4e07\u4e0d\u8981\u5bf9\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u7c7b\u5c5e\u6027\u4f7f\u7528\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u76f8\u540c\u540d\u79f0\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027\u5c06\u5c4f\u853d\u6389\u7c7b\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5f53\u4f60\u5220\u9664\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027\u540e\uff0c\u518d\u4f7f\u7528\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u8bbf\u95ee\u5230\u7684\u5c06\u662f\u7c7b\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u4e8c\u5341     @property<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5728\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5c5e\u6027\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u76f4\u63a5\u628a\u5c5e\u6027\u66b4\u9732\u51fa\u53bb\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5199\u8d77\u6765\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6ca1\u529e\u6cd5\u68c0\u67e5\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u6210\u7ee9\u968f\u4fbf\u6539\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    s = Student()\ns.score = 9999\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u8fd9\u663e\u7136\u4e0d\u5408\u903b\u8f91\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u9650\u5236score<\/code>\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2aset_score()<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6210\u7ee9\uff0c\u518d\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2aget_score()<\/code>\u6765\u83b7\u53d6\u6210\u7ee9\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5728set_score()<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u91cc\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u68c0\u67e5\u53c2\u6570\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    class Student(object):\n    def get_score(self):\n         return self._score\n\n    def set_score(self, value):\n        if not isinstance(value, int):\n            raise ValueError('score must be an integer!')\n        if value < 0 or value > 100:\n            raise ValueError('score must between 0 ~ 100!')\n        self._score = value\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u5bf9\u4efb\u610f\u7684Student<\/code>\u5b9e\u4f8b\u8fdb\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u968f\u5fc3\u6240\u6b32\u5730\u8bbe\u7f6escore<\/code>\u4e86\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> s = Student()\n>>> s.set_score(60) # ok!\n>>> s.get_score()\n60\n>>> s.set_score(9999)\nTraceback (most recent call last):\n  ...\nValueError: score must between 0 ~ 100!\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\u53c8\u7565\u663e\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u7528\u5c5e\u6027\u8fd9\u4e48\u76f4\u63a5\u7b80\u5355\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u65e2\u80fd\u68c0\u67e5\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u53c8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5c5e\u6027\u8fd9\u6837\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u8bbf\u95ee\u7c7b\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u5462\uff1f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8ffd\u6c42\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684Python\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u505a\u5230\u7684\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u8fd8\u8bb0\u5f97\u88c5\u9970\u5668\uff08decorator\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed9\u51fd\u6570\u52a8\u6001\u52a0\u4e0a\u529f\u80fd\u5417\uff1f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7c7b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u4e00\u6837\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u3002Python\u5185\u7f6e\u7684@property<\/code>\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u5c31\u662f\u8d1f\u8d23\u628a\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u53d8\u6210\u5c5e\u6027\u8c03\u7528\u7684\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    class Student(object):\n    @property\n    def score(self):\n        return self._score\n\n    @score.setter\n    def score(self, value):\n        if not isinstance(value, int):\n            raise ValueError('score must be an integer!')\n        if value < 0 or value > 100:\n            raise ValueError('score must between 0 ~ 100!')\n        self._score = value\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    @property<\/code>\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u6bd4\u8f83\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5148\u8003\u5bdf\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u628a\u4e00\u4e2agetter\u65b9\u6cd5\u53d8\u6210\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u52a0\u4e0a@property<\/code>\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e86\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c@property<\/code>\u672c\u8eab\u53c8\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u88c5\u9970\u5668@score.setter<\/code>\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u628a\u4e00\u4e2asetter\u65b9\u6cd5\u53d8\u6210\u5c5e\u6027\u8d4b\u503c\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u63a7\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    >>> s = Student()\n>>> s.score = 60 # OK\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3as.score(60)\n>>> s.score # OK\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3as.score()\n60\n>>> s.score = 9999\nTraceback (most recent call last):\n  ...\nValueError: score must between 0 ~ 100!\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u795e\u5947\u7684@property<\/code>\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u5bf9\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5c31\u77e5\u9053\u8be5\u5c5e\u6027\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u66b4\u9732\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7getter\u548csetter\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\u53ea\u8bfb\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u53ea\u5b9a\u4e49getter\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b9a\u4e49setter\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ea\u8bfb\u5c5e\u6027\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    class Student(object):\n    @property\n    def birth(self):\n        return self._birth\n\n    @birth.setter\n    def birth(self, value):\n        self._birth = value\n\n    @property\n    def age(self):\n        return 2015 - self._birth\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u4e0a\u9762\u7684birth<\/code>\u662f\u53ef\u8bfb\u5199\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u800cage<\/code>\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ea\u8bfb<\/em>\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3aage<\/code>\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636ebirth<\/code>\u548c\u5f53\u524d\u65f6\u95f4\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u8981\u7279\u522b\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u540d\u4e0d\u8981\u548c\u5b9e\u4f8b\u53d8\u91cf\u91cd\u540d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    class Student(object):\n    # \u65b9\u6cd5\u540d\u79f0\u548c\u5b9e\u4f8b\u53d8\u91cf\u5747\u4e3abirth:\n    @property\n    def birth(self):\n        return self.birth\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8c03\u7528s.birth<\/code>\u65f6\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u65b9\u6cd5\u8c03\u7528\uff0c\u5728\u6267\u884creturn self.birth<\/code>\u65f6\uff0c\u53c8\u89c6\u4e3a\u8bbf\u95eeself<\/code>\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u53c8\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u65b9\u6cd5\u8c03\u7528self.birth()<\/code>\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u65e0\u9650\u9012\u5f52\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u6808\u6ea2\u51fa\u62a5\u9519RecursionError<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u4e8c\u5341\u4e00     \u591a\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6253\u7b97\u7f16\u5199\u591a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0cUnix\/Linux\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u7531\u4e8eWindows\u6ca1\u6709fork<\/code>\u8c03\u7528\uff0c\u96be\u9053\u5728Windows\u4e0a\u65e0\u6cd5\u7528Python\u7f16\u5199\u591a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u7531\u4e8ePython\u662f\u8de8\u5e73\u53f0\u7684\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u8de8\u5e73\u53f0\u7684\u591a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u652f\u6301\u3002multiprocessing<\/code>\u6a21\u5757\u5c31\u662f\u8de8\u5e73\u53f0\u7248\u672c\u7684\u591a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6a21\u5757\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    multiprocessing<\/code>\u6a21\u5757\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2aProcess<\/code>\u7c7b\u6765\u4ee3\u8868\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u6f14\u793a\u4e86\u542f\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5e76\u7b49\u5f85\u5176\u7ed3\u675f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    from multiprocessing import Process\nimport os\n\n# \u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8981\u6267\u884c\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\ndef run_proc(name):\n    print('Run child process %s (%s)...' % (name, os.getpid()))\n\nif __name__=='__main__':\n    print('Parent process %s.' % os.getpid())\n    p = Process(target=run_proc, args=('test',))\n    print('Child process will start.')\n    p.start()\n    p.join()\n    print('Child process end.')\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u6267\u884c\u7ed3\u679c\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Parent process 928.\nChild process will start.\nRun child process test (929)...\nProcess end.\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u521b\u5efa\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u65f6\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u4f20\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u6267\u884c\u51fd\u6570\u548c\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2aProcess<\/code>\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff0c\u7528start()<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u521b\u5efa\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6bd4fork()<\/code>\u8fd8\u8981\u7b80\u5355\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    join()<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b49\u5f85\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u518d\u7ee7\u7eed\u5f80\u4e0b\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u95f4\u7684\u540c\u6b65\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Pool<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    \u5982\u679c\u8981\u542f\u52a8\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6c60\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6279\u91cf\u521b\u5efa\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    from multiprocessing import Pool\nimport os, time, random\n\ndef long_time_task(name):\n    print('Run task %s (%s)...' % (name, os.getpid()))\n    start = time.time()\n    time.sleep(random.random() * 3)\n    end = time.time()\n    print('Task %s runs %0.2f seconds.' % (name, (end - start)))\n\nif __name__=='__main__':\n    print('Parent process %s.' % os.getpid())\n    p = Pool(4)\n    for i in range(5):\n        p.apply_async(long_time_task, args=(i,))\n    print('Waiting for all subprocesses done...')\n    p.close()\n    p.join()\n    print('All subprocesses done.')\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u6267\u884c\u7ed3\u679c\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Parent process 669.\nWaiting for all subprocesses done...\nRun task 0 (671)...\nRun task 1 (672)...\nRun task 2 (673)...\nRun task 3 (674)...\nTask 2 runs 0.14 seconds.\nRun task 4 (673)...\nTask 1 runs 0.27 seconds.\nTask 3 runs 0.86 seconds.\nTask 0 runs 1.41 seconds.\nTask 4 runs 1.91 seconds.\nAll subprocesses done.\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u4ee3\u7801\u89e3\u8bfb\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5bf9Pool<\/code>\u5bf9\u8c61\u8c03\u7528join()<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f1a\u7b49\u5f85\u6240\u6709\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6267\u884c\u5b8c\u6bd5\uff0c\u8c03\u7528join()<\/code>\u4e4b\u524d\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u8c03\u7528close()<\/code>\uff0c\u8c03\u7528close()<\/code>\u4e4b\u540e\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u7ee7\u7eed\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u7684Process<\/code>\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0ctask 0<\/code>\uff0c1<\/code>\uff0c2<\/code>\uff0c3<\/code>\u662f\u7acb\u523b\u6267\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u800ctask 4<\/code>\u8981\u7b49\u5f85\u524d\u9762\u67d0\u4e2atask\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\u624d\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3aPool<\/code>\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5927\u5c0f\u5728\u6211\u7684\u7535\u8111\u4e0a\u662f4\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6700\u591a\u540c\u65f6\u6267\u884c4\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\u8fd9\u662fPool<\/code>\u6709\u610f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6539\u6210\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    p = Pool(5)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u8dd15\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u7531\u4e8ePool<\/code>\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5927\u5c0f\u662fCPU\u7684\u6838\u6570\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4e0d\u5e78\u62e5\u67098\u6838CPU\uff0c\u4f60\u8981\u63d0\u4ea4\u81f3\u5c119\u4e2a\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u624d\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u7b49\u5f85\u6548\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    \u5f88\u591a\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u8eab\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5916\u90e8\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u540e\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u63a7\u5236\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u548c\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    subprocess<\/code>\u6a21\u5757\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u975e\u5e38\u65b9\u4fbf\u5730\u542f\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u63a7\u5236\u5176\u8f93\u5165\u548c\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u6f14\u793a\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u5728Python\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d\u8fd0\u884c\u547d\u4ee4nslookup www.python.org<\/code>\uff0c\u8fd9\u548c\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u76f4\u63a5\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u6548\u679c\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    import subprocess\n\nprint('$ nslookup www.python.org')\nr = subprocess.call(['nslookup', 'www.python.org'])\nprint('Exit code:', r)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u8fd0\u884c\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    $ nslookup www.python.org\nServer:\t\t192.168.19.4\nAddress:\t192.168.19.4#53\n\nNon-authoritative answer:\nwww.python.org\tcanonical name = python.map.fastly.net.\nName:\tpython.map.fastly.net\nAddress: 199.27.79.223\n\nExit code: 0\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u5982\u679c\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u8f93\u5165\uff0c\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7communicate()<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u8f93\u5165\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    import subprocess\n\nprint('$ nslookup')\np = subprocess.Popen(['nslookup'], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)\noutput, err = p.communicate(b'set q=mx\\npython.org\\nexit\\n')\nprint(output.decode('utf-8'))\nprint('Exit code:', p.returncode)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u5728\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u6267\u884c\u547d\u4ee4nslookup<\/code>\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u624b\u52a8\u8f93\u5165\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    set q=mx\npython.org\nexit\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u8fd0\u884c\u7ed3\u679c\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    $ nslookup\nServer:\t\t192.168.19.4\nAddress:\t192.168.19.4#53\n\nNon-authoritative answer:\npython.org\tmail exchanger = 50 mail.python.org.\n\nAuthoritative answers can be found from:\nmail.python.org\tinternet address = 82.94.164.166\nmail.python.org\thas AAAA address 2001:888:2000:d::a6\n\n\nExit code: 0\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u8fdb\u7a0b\u95f4\u901a\u4fe1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    Process<\/code>\u4e4b\u95f4\u80af\u5b9a\u662f\u9700\u8981\u901a\u4fe1\u7684\uff0c\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u673a\u5236\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fdb\u7a0b\u95f4\u7684\u901a\u4fe1\u3002Python\u7684multiprocessing<\/code>\u6a21\u5757\u5305\u88c5\u4e86\u5e95\u5c42\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86Queue<\/code>\u3001Pipes<\/code>\u7b49\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u4ea4\u6362\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u6211\u4eec\u4ee5Queue<\/code>\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5728\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f80Queue<\/code>\u91cc\u5199\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eceQueue<\/code>\u91cc\u8bfb\u6570\u636e\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    from multiprocessing import Process, Queue\nimport os, time, random\n\n# \u5199\u6570\u636e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6267\u884c\u7684\u4ee3\u7801:\ndef write(q):\n    print('Process to write: %s' % os.getpid())\n    for value in ['A', 'B', 'C']:\n        print('Put %s to queue...' % value)\n        q.put(value)\n        time.sleep(random.random())\n\n# \u8bfb\u6570\u636e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6267\u884c\u7684\u4ee3\u7801:\ndef read(q):\n    print('Process to read: %s' % os.getpid())\n    while True:\n        value = q.get(True)\n        print('Get %s from queue.' % value)\n\nif __name__=='__main__':\n    # \u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u521b\u5efaQueue\uff0c\u5e76\u4f20\u7ed9\u5404\u4e2a\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff1a\n    q = Queue()\n    pw = Process(target=write, args=(q,))\n    pr = Process(target=read, args=(q,))\n    # \u542f\u52a8\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0bpw\uff0c\u5199\u5165:\n    pw.start()\n    # \u542f\u52a8\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0bpr\uff0c\u8bfb\u53d6:\n    pr.start()\n    # \u7b49\u5f85pw\u7ed3\u675f:\n    pw.join()\n    # pr\u8fdb\u7a0b\u91cc\u662f\u6b7b\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u7b49\u5f85\u5176\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u5f3a\u884c\u7ec8\u6b62:\n    pr.terminate()\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u8fd0\u884c\u7ed3\u679c\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Process to write: 50563\nPut A to queue...\nProcess to read: 50564\nGet A from queue.\nPut B to queue...\nGet B from queue.\nPut C to queue...\nGet C from queue.<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u591a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u548c\u591a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u591a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5404\u81ea\u6709\u4e00\u4efd\u62f7\u8d1d\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e92\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u800c\u591a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u53d8\u91cf\u90fd\u7531\u6240\u6709\u7ebf\u7a0b\u5171\u4eab\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u4fee\u6539<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Python\u7684multiprocessing<\/code>\u6a21\u5757\u4e0d\u4f46\u652f\u6301\u591a\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2dmanagers<\/code>\u5b50\u6a21\u5757\u8fd8\u652f\u6301\u628a\u591a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5206\u5e03\u5230\u591a\u53f0\u673a\u5668\u4e0a\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1\u8fdb\u7a0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8c03\u5ea6\u8005\uff0c\u5c06\u4efb\u52a1\u5206\u5e03\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u591a\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f9d\u9760\u7f51\u7edc\u901a\u4fe1\u3002\u7531\u4e8emanagers<\/code>\u6a21\u5757\u5c01\u88c5\u5f88\u597d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u4e86\u89e3\u7f51\u7edc\u901a\u4fe1\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u5730\u7f16\u5199\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u591a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
    \u6458\u81ea\u5b66\u4e60\u65f6https:\/\/liaoxuefeng.com\/books\/python\/introduction\/ […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-744","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-10"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/blog.xtaa.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/744","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/blog.xtaa.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/blog.xtaa.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/blog.xtaa.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/blog.xtaa.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=744"}],"version-history":[{"count":21,"href":"http:\/\/blog.xtaa.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/744\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2165,"href":"http:\/\/blog.xtaa.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/744\/revisions\/2165"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/blog.xtaa.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=744"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/blog.xtaa.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=744"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/blog.xtaa.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=744"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}