{"id":920,"date":"2022-05-28T16:06:08","date_gmt":"2022-05-28T08:06:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.xtaa.cn\/?p=920"},"modified":"2025-03-13T17:14:58","modified_gmt":"2025-03-13T09:14:58","slug":"%e6%80%9d%e6%83%b3%e5%ae%9e%e9%aa%8c","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/blog.xtaa.cn\/index.php\/2022\/05\/28\/%e6%80%9d%e6%83%b3%e5%ae%9e%e9%aa%8c\/","title":{"rendered":"\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u7535\u8f66\u96be\u9898\uff08The Trolley Problem\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u7535\u8f66\u96be\u9898\u201d\u662f\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u6700\u4e3a\u77e5\u540d\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u5927\u81f4\u662f\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u75af\u5b50\u628a\u4e94\u4e2a\u65e0\u8f9c\u7684\u4eba\u7ed1\u5728\u7535\u8f66\u8f68\u9053\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u8f86\u5931\u63a7\u7684\u7535\u8f66\u671d\u4ed6\u4eec\u9a76\u6765\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7247\u523b\u540e\u5c31\u8981\u78be\u538b\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5e78\u8fd0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u62c9\u4e00\u4e2a\u62c9\u6746\uff0c\u8ba9\u7535\u8f66\u5f00\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u6761\u8f68\u9053\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f46\u662f\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u90a3\u4e2a\u75af\u5b50\u5728\u90a3\u53e6\u4e00\u6761\u8f68\u9053\u4e0a\u4e5f\u7ed1\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u3002\u8003\u8651\u4ee5\u4e0a\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u62c9\u62c9\u6746\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u89e3\u8bfb\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7535\u8f66\u96be\u9898\u6700\u65e9\u662f\u7531\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6Philippa Foot\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u6279\u5224\u4f26\u7406\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u9053\u5fb7\u51b3\u7b56\u90fd\u662f\u6839\u636e\u201c\u4e3a\u6700\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u201d\u7684\u539f\u5219\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u660e\u663e\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u62c9\u62c9\u6746\uff0c\u62ef\u6551\u4e94\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ea\u6740\u6b7b\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6279\u5224\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u62c9\u4e86\u62c9\u6746\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u540c\u8c0b\u2014\u2014\u4f60\u8981\u4e3a\u53e6\u4e00\u6761\u8f68\u9053\u4e0a\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6b7b\u8d1f\u90e8\u5206\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f60\u8eab\u5904\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u51b5\u4e0b\u5c31\u8981\u6c42\u4f60\u8981\u6709\u6240\u4f5c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u4e0d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5c06\u4f1a\u662f\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u91cd\u70b9\u6240\u5728\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u90fd\u7528\u7535\u8f66\u96be\u9898\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f8b\u5b50\u6765\u8868\u793a\u73b0\u5b9e\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u7ecf\u5e38\u5f3a\u8feb\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u8fdd\u80cc\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u51c6\u5219\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd8\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u9053\u5fb7\u505a\u6cd5\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u5976\u725b\uff08The Cow in the field\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8ba4\u77e5\u8bba\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u5976\u725b\u201d\u3002\u5b83\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u519c\u6c11\u62c5\u5fc3\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u83b7\u5956\u7684\u5976\u725b\u8d70\u4e22\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\u9001\u5976\u5de5\u5230\u4e86\u519c\u573a\uff0c\u4ed6\u544a\u8bc9\u519c\u6c11\u4e0d\u8981\u62c5\u5fc3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u770b\u5230\u90a3\u5934\u5976\u725b\u5728\u9644\u4ef6\u7684\u4e00\u5757\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u867d\u7136\u519c\u6c11\u5f88\u76f8\u4fe1\u9001\u5976\u5de5\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u8fd8\u662f\u4eb2\u81ea\u770b\u4e86\u770b\uff0c\u4ed6\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u719f\u6089\u7684\u9ed1\u767d\u76f8\u95f4\u7684\u5f62\u72b6\u5e76\u611f\u5230\u5f88\u6ee1\u610f\u3002\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e00\u4f1a\uff0c\u9001\u5976\u5de5\u5230\u90a3\u5757\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\u518d\u6b21\u786e\u8ba4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u90a3\u5934\u5976\u725b\u786e\u5b9e\u5728\u90a3\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u8eb2\u5728\u6811\u6797\u91cc\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u5927\u5f20\u9ed1\u767d\u76f8\u95f4\u7684\u7eb8\u7f20\u5728\u6811\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f88\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u519c\u6c11\u628a\u8fd9\u5f20\u7eb8\u9519\u5f53\u6210\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5976\u725b\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5976\u725b\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u5728\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f46\u519c\u6c11\u8bf4\u81ea\u5df1\u77e5\u9053\u5976\u725b\u5728\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\u65f6\u662f\u5426\u6b63\u786e\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u89e3\u8bfb\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u5976\u725b\u6700\u521d\u662f\u88ab Edmund Gettier\u7528\u6765\u6279\u5224\u4e3b\u6d41\u4e0a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684JTB\uff08justified true belief\uff09\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5373\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u77e5\u8bc6\uff1b\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5728\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u662f\u771f\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4eba\u4eec\u6709\u53ef\u4ee5\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7684\u7406\u7531\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b83\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\uff0c\u519c\u6c11\u76f8\u4fe1\u5976\u725b\u5728\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e14\u88ab\u9001\u5976\u5de5\u7684\u8bc1\u8bcd\u548c\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u9ed1\u767d\u76f8\u95f4\u7269\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u6240\u8bc1\u5b9e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u800c\u4e14\u7ecf\u8fc7\u9001\u5976\u5de5\u540e\u6765\u7684\u8bc1\u5b9e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u4e5f\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u519c\u6c11\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u77e5\u9053\u5976\u725b\u5728\u90a3\u513f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5976\u725b\u5728\u90a3\u513f\u7684\u63a8\u5bfc\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0a\u7684\u3002Gettier\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u5c06\u77e5\u8bc6\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3aJTB\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u9700\u8981\u4fee\u6b63\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u7535\u8f66\u96be\u9898\uff08The Trolley Problem\uff09 \u201c\u7535\u8f66\u96be\u9898\u201d\u662f\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u6700\u4e3a\u77e5\u540d\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u5927\u81f4 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[32],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-920","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-32"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/blog.xtaa.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/920","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/blog.xtaa.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/blog.xtaa.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/blog.xtaa.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/blog.xtaa.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=920"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/blog.xtaa.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/920\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2263,"href":"http:\/\/blog.xtaa.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/920\/revisions\/2263"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/blog.xtaa.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=920"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/blog.xtaa.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=920"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/blog.xtaa.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=920"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}